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Unsupervised Learning using Bayesian Mixture Models

The following tutorial illustrates the use of Turing for clustering data using a Bayesian mixture model. The aim of this task is to infer a latent grouping (hidden structure) from unlabelled data.

Synthetic Data

We generate a synthetic dataset of $N = 60$ two-dimensional points $x_i \in \mathbb{R}^2$ drawn from a Gaussian mixture model. For simplicity, we use $K = 2$ clusters with

  • equal weights, i.e., we use mixture weights $w = [0.5, 0.5]$, and
  • isotropic Gaussian distributions of the points in each cluster.

More concretely, we use the Gaussian distributions $\mathcal{N}([\mu_k, \mu_k]^\mathsf{T}, I)$ with parameters $\mu_1 = -3.5$ and $\mu_2 = 0.5$.

using Distributions
using FillArrays
using StatsPlots

using LinearAlgebra
using Random

# Set a random seed.
Random.seed!(3)

# Define Gaussian mixture model.
w = [0.5, 0.5]
μ = [-3.5, 0.5]
mixturemodel = MixtureModel([MvNormal(Fill(μₖ, 2), I) for μₖ in μ], w)

# We draw the data points.
N = 60
x = rand(mixturemodel, N);

The following plot shows the dataset.

scatter(x[1, :], x[2, :]; legend=false, title="Synthetic Dataset")

Gaussian Mixture Model in Turing

We are interested in recovering the grouping from the dataset. More precisely, we want to infer the mixture weights, the parameters $\mu_1$ and $\mu_2$, and the assignment of each datum to a cluster for the generative Gaussian mixture model.

In a Bayesian Gaussian mixture model with $K$ components each data point $x_i$ ($i = 1,\ldots,N$) is generated according to the following generative process. First we draw the model parameters, i.e., in our example we draw parameters $\mu_k$ for the mean of the isotropic normal distributions and the mixture weights $w$ of the $K$ clusters. We use standard normal distributions as priors for $\mu_k$ and a Dirichlet distribution with parameters $\alpha_1 = \cdots = \alpha_K = 1$ as prior for $w$: $$ \begin{aligned} \mu_k &\sim \mathcal{N}(0, 1) \qquad (k = 1,\ldots,K)\ w &\sim \operatorname{Dirichlet}(\alpha_1, \ldots, \alpha_K) \end{aligned} $$ After having constructed all the necessary model parameters, we can generate an observation by first selecting one of the clusters $$ z_i \sim \operatorname{Categorical}(w) \qquad (i = 1,\ldots,N), $$ and then drawing the datum accordingly, i.e., in our example drawing $$ x_i \sim \mathcal{N}([\mu_{z_i}, \mu_{z_i}]^\mathsf{T}, I) \qquad (i=1,\ldots,N). $$ For more details on Gaussian mixture models, we refer to Christopher M. Bishop, Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning, Section 9.

We specify the model with Turing.

using Turing

@model function gaussian_mixture_model(x)
    # Draw the parameters for each of the K=2 clusters from a standard normal distribution.
    K = 2
    μ ~ MvNormal(Zeros(K), I)

    # Draw the weights for the K clusters from a Dirichlet distribution with parameters αₖ = 1.
    w ~ Dirichlet(K, 1.0)
    # Alternatively, one could use a fixed set of weights.
    # w = fill(1/K, K)

    # Construct categorical distribution of assignments.
    distribution_assignments = Categorical(w)

    # Construct multivariate normal distributions of each cluster.
    D, N = size(x)
    distribution_clusters = [MvNormal(Fill(μₖ, D), I) for μₖ in μ]

    # Draw assignments for each datum and generate it from the multivariate normal distribution.
    k = Vector{Int}(undef, N)
    for i in 1:N
        k[i] ~ distribution_assignments
        x[:, i] ~ distribution_clusters[k[i]]
    end

    return k
end

model = gaussian_mixture_model(x);

We run a MCMC simulation to obtain an approximation of the posterior distribution of the parameters $\mu$ and $w$ and assignments $k$. We use a Gibbs sampler that combines a particle Gibbs sampler for the discrete parameters (assignments $k$) and a Hamiltonion Monte Carlo sampler for the continuous parameters ($\mu$ and $w$). We generate multiple chains in parallel using multi-threading.

sampler = Gibbs(PG(100, :k), HMC(0.05, 10, :μ, :w))
nsamples = 100
nchains = 3
chains = sample(model, sampler, MCMCThreads(), nsamples, nchains);

Inferred Mixture Model

After sampling we can visualize the trace and density of the parameters of interest.

We consider the samples of the location parameters $\mu_1$ and $\mu_2$ for the two clusters.

plot(chains[["μ[1]", "μ[2]"]]; colordim=:parameter, legend=true)

It can happen that the modes of $\mu_1$ and $\mu_2$ switch between chains. For more information see the Stan documentation for potential solutions.

We also inspect the samples of the mixture weights $w$.

plot(chains[["w[1]", "w[2]"]]; colordim=:parameter, legend=true)

In the following, we just use the first chain to ensure the validity of our inference.

chain = chains[:, :, 1];

As the distributions of the samples for the parameters $\mu_1$, $\mu_2$, $w_1$, and $w_2$ are unimodal, we can safely visualize the density region of our model using the average values.

# Model with mean of samples as parameters.
μ_mean = [mean(chain, "μ[$i]") for i in 1:2]
w_mean = [mean(chain, "w[$i]") for i in 1:2]
mixturemodel_mean = MixtureModel([MvNormal(Fill(μₖ, 2), I) for μₖ in μ_mean], w_mean)

contour(
    range(-7.5, 3; length=1_000),
    range(-6.5, 3; length=1_000),
    (x, y) -> logpdf(mixturemodel_mean, [x, y]);
    widen=false,
)
scatter!(x[1, :], x[2, :]; legend=false, title="Synthetic Dataset")

Inferred Assignments

Finally, we can inspect the assignments of the data points inferred using Turing. As we can see, the dataset is partitioned into two distinct groups.

assignments = [mean(chain, "k[$i]") for i in 1:N]
scatter(
    x[1, :],
    x[2, :];
    legend=false,
    title="Assignments on Synthetic Dataset",
    zcolor=assignments,
)

Appendix

These tutorials are a part of the TuringTutorials repository, found at: https://github.com/TuringLang/TuringTutorials.

To locally run this tutorial, do the following commands:

using TuringTutorials
TuringTutorials.weave("01-gaussian-mixture-model", "01_gaussian-mixture-model.jmd")

Computer Information:

Julia Version 1.9.3
Commit bed2cd540a1 (2023-08-24 14:43 UTC)
Build Info:
  Official https://julialang.org/ release
Platform Info:
  OS: Linux (x86_64-linux-gnu)
  CPU: 128 × AMD EPYC 7502 32-Core Processor
  WORD_SIZE: 64
  LIBM: libopenlibm
  LLVM: libLLVM-14.0.6 (ORCJIT, znver2)
  Threads: 1 on 16 virtual cores
Environment:
  JULIA_CPU_THREADS = 16
  JULIA_DEPOT_PATH = /cache/julia-buildkite-plugin/depots/7aa0085e-79a4-45f3-a5bd-9743c91cf3da

Package Information:

Status `/cache/build/default-amdci4-5/julialang/turingtutorials/tutorials/01-gaussian-mixture-model/Project.toml`
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  [37e2e46d] LinearAlgebra
  [9a3f8284] Random

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  [56ddb016] Logging
  [d6f4376e] Markdown
  [a63ad114] Mmap
  [ca575930] NetworkOptions v1.2.0
  [44cfe95a] Pkg v1.9.2
  [de0858da] Printf
  [3fa0cd96] REPL
  [9a3f8284] Random
  [ea8e919c] SHA v0.7.0
  [9e88b42a] Serialization
  [1a1011a3] SharedArrays
  [6462fe0b] Sockets
  [2f01184e] SparseArrays
  [10745b16] Statistics v1.9.0
  [4607b0f0] SuiteSparse
  [fa267f1f] TOML v1.0.3
  [a4e569a6] Tar v1.10.0
  [8dfed614] Test
  [cf7118a7] UUIDs
  [4ec0a83e] Unicode
  [e66e0078] CompilerSupportLibraries_jll v1.0.5+0
  [deac9b47] LibCURL_jll v7.84.0+0
  [29816b5a] LibSSH2_jll v1.10.2+0
  [c8ffd9c3] MbedTLS_jll v2.28.2+0
  [14a3606d] MozillaCACerts_jll v2022.10.11
  [4536629a] OpenBLAS_jll v0.3.21+4
  [05823500] OpenLibm_jll v0.8.1+0
  [efcefdf7] PCRE2_jll v10.42.0+0
  [bea87d4a] SuiteSparse_jll v5.10.1+6
  [83775a58] Zlib_jll v1.2.13+0
  [8e850b90] libblastrampoline_jll v5.8.0+0
  [8e850ede] nghttp2_jll v1.48.0+0
  [3f19e933] p7zip_jll v17.4.0+0
Info Packages marked with ⌃ and ⌅ have new versions available, but those with ⌅ are restricted by compatibility constraints from upgrading. To see why use `status --outdated -m`