Bayesian Hidden Markov Models
This tutorial illustrates training Bayesian Hidden Markov Models (HMM) using Turing. The main goals are learning the transition matrix, emission parameter, and hidden states. For a more rigorous academic overview on Hidden Markov Models, see An introduction to Hidden Markov Models and Bayesian Networks (Ghahramani, 2001).
In this tutorial, we assume there are $k$ discrete hidden states; the observations are continuous and normally distributed - centered around the hidden states. This assumption reduces the number of parameters to be estimated in the emission matrix.
Let's load the libraries we'll need. We also set a random seed (for reproducibility) and the automatic differentiation backend to forward mode (more here on why this is useful).
# Load libraries.
using Turing, StatsPlots, Random
# Set a random seed and use the forward_diff AD mode.
Random.seed!(12345678);
Simple State Detection
In this example, we'll use something where the states and emission parameters are straightforward.
# Define the emission parameter.
y = [
1.0,
1.0,
1.0,
1.0,
1.0,
1.0,
2.0,
2.0,
2.0,
2.0,
2.0,
2.0,
3.0,
3.0,
3.0,
3.0,
3.0,
3.0,
3.0,
2.0,
2.0,
2.0,
2.0,
1.0,
1.0,
1.0,
1.0,
1.0,
1.0,
1.0,
];
N = length(y);
K = 3;
# Plot the data we just made.
plot(y; xlim=(0, 30), ylim=(-1, 5), size=(500, 250))
We can see that we have three states, one for each height of the plot (1, 2, 3). This height is also our emission parameter, so state one produces a value of one, state two produces a value of two, and so on.
Ultimately, we would like to understand three major parameters:
- The transition matrix. This is a matrix that assigns a probability of switching from one state to any other state, including the state that we are already in.
- The emission matrix, which describes a typical value emitted by some state. In the plot above, the emission parameter for state one is simply one.
- The state sequence is our understanding of what state we were actually in when we observed some data. This is very important in more sophisticated HMM models, where the emission value does not equal our state.
With this in mind, let's set up our model. We are going to use some of our knowledge as modelers to provide additional information about our system. This takes the form of the prior on our emission parameter.
$$ m_i \sim \mathrm{Normal}(i, 0.5) \quad \text{where} \quad m = {1,2,3} $$
Simply put, this says that we expect state one to emit values in a Normally distributed manner, where the mean of each state's emissions is that state's value. The variance of 0.5 helps the model converge more quickly — consider the case where we have a variance of 1 or 2. In this case, the likelihood of observing a 2 when we are in state 1 is actually quite high, as it is within a standard deviation of the true emission value. Applying the prior that we are likely to be tightly centered around the mean prevents our model from being too confused about the state that is generating our observations.
The priors on our transition matrix are noninformative, using T[i] ~ Dirichlet(ones(K)/K). The Dirichlet prior used in this way assumes that the state is likely to change to any other state with equal probability. As we'll see, this transition matrix prior will be overwritten as we observe data.
# Turing model definition.
@model function BayesHmm(y, K)
# Get observation length.
N = length(y)
# State sequence.
s = tzeros(Int, N)
# Emission matrix.
m = Vector(undef, K)
# Transition matrix.
T = Vector{Vector}(undef, K)
# Assign distributions to each element
# of the transition matrix and the
# emission matrix.
for i in 1:K
T[i] ~ Dirichlet(ones(K) / K)
m[i] ~ Normal(i, 0.5)
end
# Observe each point of the input.
s[1] ~ Categorical(K)
y[1] ~ Normal(m[s[1]], 0.1)
for i in 2:N
s[i] ~ Categorical(vec(T[s[i - 1]]))
y[i] ~ Normal(m[s[i]], 0.1)
end
end;
We will use a combination of two samplers (HMC and Particle Gibbs) by passing them to the Gibbs sampler. The Gibbs sampler allows for compositional inference, where we can utilize different samplers on different parameters.
In this case, we use HMC for m and T, representing the emission and transition matrices respectively. We use the Particle Gibbs sampler for s, the state sequence. You may wonder why it is that we are not assigning s to the HMC sampler, and why it is that we need compositional Gibbs sampling at all.
The parameter s is not a continuous variable. It is a vector of integers, and thus Hamiltonian methods like HMC and NUTS won't work correctly. Gibbs allows us to apply the right tools to the best effect. If you are a particularly advanced user interested in higher performance, you may benefit from setting up your Gibbs sampler to use different automatic differentiation backends for each parameter space.
Time to run our sampler.
g = Gibbs(HMC(0.01, 50, :m, :T), PG(120, :s))
chn = sample(BayesHmm(y, 3), g, 1000);
Let's see how well our chain performed.
Ordinarily, using display(chn) would be a good first step, but we have generated a lot of parameters here (s[1], s[2], m[1], and so on).
It's a bit easier to show how our model performed graphically.
The code below generates an animation showing the graph of the data above, and the data our model generates in each sample.
# Extract our m and s parameters from the chain.
m_set = MCMCChains.group(chn, :m).value
s_set = MCMCChains.group(chn, :s).value
# Iterate through the MCMC samples.
Ns = 1:length(chn)
# Make an animation.
animation = @gif for i in Ns
m = m_set[i, :]
s = Int.(s_set[i, :])
emissions = m[s]
p = plot(
y;
chn=:red,
size=(500, 250),
xlabel="Time",
ylabel="State",
legend=:topright,
label="True data",
xlim=(0, 30),
ylim=(-1, 5),
)
plot!(emissions; color=:blue, label="Sample $i")
end every 3
Looks like our model did a pretty good job, but we should also check to make sure our chain converges. A quick check is to examine whether the diagonal (representing the probability of remaining in the current state) of the transition matrix appears to be stationary. The code below extracts the diagonal and shows a traceplot of each persistence probability.
# Index the chain with the persistence probabilities.
subchain = chn[["T[1][1]", "T[2][2]", "T[3][3]"]]
plot(subchain; seriestype=:traceplot, title="Persistence Probability", legend=false)
A cursory examination of the traceplot above indicates that all three chains converged to something resembling stationary. We can use the diagnostic functions provided by MCMCChains to engage in some more formal tests, like the Heidelberg and Welch diagnostic:
heideldiag(MCMCChains.group(chn, :T))[1]
Heidelberger and Welch diagnostic - Chain 1
parameters burnin stationarity pvalue mean halfwidth
tes ⋯
Symbol Int64 Bool Float64 Float64 Float64
Boo ⋯
T[1][1] 0.0000 1.0000 0.0833 0.8000 0.0285 1.
000 ⋯
T[1][2] 200.0000 1.0000 0.0527 0.0178 0.0183 0.
000 ⋯
T[1][3] 300.0000 1.0000 0.0600 0.1930 0.0308 0.
000 ⋯
T[2][1] 0.0000 1.0000 0.3094 0.0302 0.0166 0.
000 ⋯
T[2][2] 0.0000 1.0000 0.2476 0.8526 0.0267 1.
000 ⋯
T[2][3] 0.0000 1.0000 0.6313 0.1172 0.0188 0.
000 ⋯
T[3][1] 200.0000 1.0000 0.0728 0.1183 0.0245 0.
000 ⋯
T[3][2] 0.0000 1.0000 0.1139 0.1134 0.0309 0.
000 ⋯
T[3][3] 100.0000 1.0000 0.3166 0.7742 0.0339 1.
000 ⋯
1 column om
itted
The p-values on the test suggest that we cannot reject the hypothesis that the observed sequence comes from a stationary distribution, so we can be reasonably confident that our transition matrix has converged to something reasonable.
Appendix
These tutorials are a part of the TuringTutorials repository, found at: https://github.com/TuringLang/TuringTutorials.
To locally run this tutorial, do the following commands:
using TuringTutorials
TuringTutorials.weave("04-hidden-markov-model", "04_hidden-markov-model.jmd")
Computer Information:
Julia Version 1.9.2
Commit e4ee485e909 (2023-07-05 09:39 UTC)
Platform Info:
OS: Linux (x86_64-linux-gnu)
CPU: 128 × AMD EPYC 7502 32-Core Processor
WORD_SIZE: 64
LIBM: libopenlibm
LLVM: libLLVM-14.0.6 (ORCJIT, znver2)
Threads: 1 on 16 virtual cores
Environment:
JULIA_CPU_THREADS = 16
JULIA_DEPOT_PATH = /cache/julia-buildkite-plugin/depots/7aa0085e-79a4-45f3-a5bd-9743c91cf3da
JULIA_IMAGE_THREADS = 1
Package Information:
Status `/cache/build/default-amdci4-6/julialang/turingtutorials/tutorials/04-hidden-markov-model/Project.toml`
[91a5bcdd] Plots v1.38.16
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[fce5fe82] Turing v0.26.6
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[37e2e46d] LinearAlgebra
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[d6f4376e] Markdown
[a63ad114] Mmap
[ca575930] NetworkOptions v1.2.0
[44cfe95a] Pkg v1.9.2
[de0858da] Printf
[3fa0cd96] REPL
[9a3f8284] Random
[ea8e919c] SHA v0.7.0
[9e88b42a] Serialization
[1a1011a3] SharedArrays
[6462fe0b] Sockets
[2f01184e] SparseArrays
[10745b16] Statistics v1.9.0
[4607b0f0] SuiteSparse
[fa267f1f] TOML v1.0.3
[a4e569a6] Tar v1.10.0
[8dfed614] Test
[cf7118a7] UUIDs
[4ec0a83e] Unicode
[e66e0078] CompilerSupportLibraries_jll v1.0.5+0
[deac9b47] LibCURL_jll v7.84.0+0
[29816b5a] LibSSH2_jll v1.10.2+0
[c8ffd9c3] MbedTLS_jll v2.28.2+0
[14a3606d] MozillaCACerts_jll v2022.10.11
[4536629a] OpenBLAS_jll v0.3.21+4
[05823500] OpenLibm_jll v0.8.1+0
[efcefdf7] PCRE2_jll v10.42.0+0
[bea87d4a] SuiteSparse_jll v5.10.1+6
[83775a58] Zlib_jll v1.2.13+0
[8e850b90] libblastrampoline_jll v5.8.0+0
[8e850ede] nghttp2_jll v1.48.0+0
[3f19e933] p7zip_jll v17.4.0+0
Info Packages marked with ⌃ and ⌅ have new versions available, but those with ⌅ are restricted by compatibility constraints from upgrading. To see why use `status --outdated -m`