API

@model(expr[, warn = false])

Macro to specify a probabilistic model.

If warn is true, a warning is displayed if internal variable names are used in the model definition.

Examples

Model definition:

@model function model(x, y = 42)
    ...
end

To generate a Model, call model(xvalue) or model(xvalue, yvalue).

@submodel model
@submodel ... = model

Run a Turing model nested inside of a Turing model.

Examples

julia> @model function demo1(x)
           x ~ Normal()
           return 1 + abs(x)
       end;

julia> @model function demo2(x, y)
            @submodel a = demo1(x)
            return y ~ Uniform(0, a)
       end;

When we sample from the model demo2(missing, 0.4) random variable x will be sampled:

julia> vi = VarInfo(demo2(missing, 0.4));

julia> @varname(x) in keys(vi)
true

Variable a is not tracked since it can be computed from the random variable x that was tracked when running demo1:

julia> @varname(a) in keys(vi)
false

We can check that the log joint probability of the model accumulated in vi is correct:

julia> x = vi[@varname(x)];

julia> getlogp(vi) ≈ logpdf(Normal(), x) + logpdf(Uniform(0, 1 + abs(x)), 0.4)
true

@submodel prefix=... model
@submodel prefix=... ... = model

Run a Turing model nested inside of a Turing model and add "prefix." as a prefix to all random variables inside of the model.

Valid expressions for prefix=... are:

• prefix=false: no prefix is used.
• prefix=true: attempt to automatically determine the prefix from the left-hand side ... = model by first converting into a VarName, and then calling Symbol on this.
• prefix=expression: results in the prefix Symbol(expression).

The prefix makes it possible to run the same Turing model multiple times while keeping track of all random variables correctly.

Examples

Example models

julia> @model function demo1(x)
           x ~ Normal()
           return 1 + abs(x)
       end;

julia> @model function demo2(x, y, z)
            @submodel prefix="sub1" a = demo1(x)
            @submodel prefix="sub2" b = demo1(y)
            return z ~ Uniform(-a, b)
       end;

When we sample from the model demo2(missing, missing, 0.4) random variables sub1.x and sub2.x will be sampled:

julia> vi = VarInfo(demo2(missing, missing, 0.4));

julia> @varname(var"sub1.x") in keys(vi)
true

julia> @varname(var"sub2.x") in keys(vi)
true

Variables a and b are not tracked since they can be computed from the random variables sub1.x and sub2.x that were tracked when running demo1:

julia> @varname(a) in keys(vi)
false

julia> @varname(b) in keys(vi)
false

We can check that the log joint probability of the model accumulated in vi is correct:

julia> sub1_x = vi[@varname(var"sub1.x")];

julia> sub2_x = vi[@varname(var"sub2.x")];

julia> logprior = logpdf(Normal(), sub1_x) + logpdf(Normal(), sub2_x);

julia> loglikelihood = logpdf(Uniform(-1 - abs(sub1_x), 1 + abs(sub2_x)), 0.4);

julia> getlogp(vi) ≈ logprior + loglikelihood
true

Different ways of setting the prefix

julia> @model inner() = x ~ Normal()
inner (generic function with 2 methods)

julia> # When `prefix` is unspecified, no prefix is used.
       @model submodel_noprefix() = @submodel a = inner()
submodel_noprefix (generic function with 2 methods)

julia> @varname(x) in keys(VarInfo(submodel_noprefix()))
true

julia> # Explicitely don't use any prefix.
       @model submodel_prefix_false() = @submodel prefix=false a = inner()
submodel_prefix_false (generic function with 2 methods)

julia> @varname(x) in keys(VarInfo(submodel_prefix_false()))
true

julia> # Automatically determined from `a`.
       @model submodel_prefix_true() = @submodel prefix=true a = inner()
submodel_prefix_true (generic function with 2 methods)

julia> @varname(var"a.x") in keys(VarInfo(submodel_prefix_true()))
true

julia> # Using a static string.
       @model submodel_prefix_string() = @submodel prefix="my prefix" a = inner()
submodel_prefix_string (generic function with 2 methods)

julia> @varname(var"my prefix.x") in keys(VarInfo(submodel_prefix_string()))
true

julia> # Using string interpolation.
       @model submodel_prefix_interpolation() = @submodel prefix="$(nameof(inner()))" a = inner()
submodel_prefix_interpolation (generic function with 2 methods)

julia> @varname(var"inner.x") in keys(VarInfo(submodel_prefix_interpolation()))
true

julia> # Or using some arbitrary expression.
       @model submodel_prefix_expr() = @submodel prefix=1 + 2 a = inner()
submodel_prefix_expr (generic function with 2 methods)

julia> @varname(var"3.x") in keys(VarInfo(submodel_prefix_expr()))
true

julia> # (×) Automatic prefixing without a left-hand side expression does not work!
       @model submodel_prefix_error() = @submodel prefix=true inner()
ERROR: LoadError: cannot automatically prefix with no left-hand side
[...]

Notes

• The choice prefix=expression means that the prefixing will incur a runtime cost. This is also the case for prefix=true, depending on whether the expression on the the right-hand side of ... = model requires runtime-information or not, e.g. x = model will result in the static prefix x, while x[i] = model will be resolved at runtime.

struct Model{F,argnames,defaultnames,missings,Targs,Tdefaults,Ctx<:AbstactContext}
    f::F
    args::NamedTuple{argnames,Targs}
    defaults::NamedTuple{defaultnames,Tdefaults}
    context::Ctx=DefaultContext()
end

A Model struct with model evaluation function of type F, arguments of names argnames types Targs, default arguments of names defaultnames with types Tdefaults, missing arguments missings, and evaluation context of type Ctx.

Here argnames, defaultargnames, and missings are tuples of symbols, e.g. (:a, :b). context is by default DefaultContext().

An argument with a type of Missing will be in missings by default. However, in non-traditional use-cases missings can be defined differently. All variables in missings are treated as random variables rather than observations.

The default arguments are used internally when constructing instances of the same model with different arguments.

Examples

julia> Model(f, (x = 1.0, y = 2.0))
Model{typeof(f),(:x, :y),(),(),Tuple{Float64,Float64},Tuple{}}(f, (x = 1.0, y = 2.0), NamedTuple())

julia> Model(f, (x = 1.0, y = 2.0), (x = 42,))
Model{typeof(f),(:x, :y),(:x,),(),Tuple{Float64,Float64},Tuple{Int64}}(f, (x = 1.0, y = 2.0), (x = 42,))

julia> Model{(:y,)}(f, (x = 1.0, y = 2.0), (x = 42,)) # with special definition of missings
Model{typeof(f),(:x, :y),(:x,),(:y,),Tuple{Float64,Float64},Tuple{Int64}}(f, (x = 1.0, y = 2.0), (x = 42,))

(model::Model)([rng, varinfo, sampler, context])

Sample from the model using the sampler with random number generator rng and the context, and store the sample and log joint probability in varinfo.

The method resets the log joint probability of varinfo and increases the evaluation number of sampler.

nameof(model::Model)

Get the name of the model as Symbol.

getargnames(model::Model)

Get a tuple of the argument names of the model.

getmissings(model::Model)

Get a tuple of the names of the missing arguments of the model.

rand([rng=Random.default_rng()], [T=NamedTuple], model::Model)

Generate a sample of type T from the prior distribution of the model.

logprior(model::Model, varinfo::AbstractVarInfo)

Return the log prior probability of variables varinfo for the probabilistic model.

See also logjoint and loglikelihood.

logprior(model::Model, chain::AbstractMCMC.AbstractChains)

Return an array of log prior probabilities evaluated at each sample in an MCMC chain.

Examples

julia> using MCMCChains, Distributions

julia> @model function demo_model(x)
           s ~ InverseGamma(2, 3)
           m ~ Normal(0, sqrt(s))
           for i in eachindex(x)
               x[i] ~ Normal(m, sqrt(s))
           end
       end;

julia> # construct a chain of samples using MCMCChains
       chain = Chains(rand(10, 2, 3), [:s, :m]);

julia> logprior(demo_model([1., 2.]), chain);

logprior(model::Model, θ)

Return the log prior probability of variables θ for the probabilistic model.

See also logjoint and loglikelihood.

Examples

julia> @model function demo(x)
           m ~ Normal()
           for i in eachindex(x)
               x[i] ~ Normal(m, 1.0)
           end
       end
demo (generic function with 2 methods)

julia> # Using a `NamedTuple`.
       logprior(demo([1.0]), (m = 100.0, ))
-5000.918938533205

julia> # Using a `OrderedDict`.
       logprior(demo([1.0]), OrderedDict(@varname(m) => 100.0))
-5000.918938533205

julia> # Truth.
       logpdf(Normal(), 100.0)
-5000.918938533205

loglikelihood(model::Model, varinfo::AbstractVarInfo)

Return the log likelihood of variables varinfo for the probabilistic model.

See also logjoint and logprior.

loglikelihood(model::Model, chain::AbstractMCMC.AbstractChains)

Return an array of log likelihoods evaluated at each sample in an MCMC chain.

Examples

julia> using MCMCChains, Distributions

julia> @model function demo_model(x)
           s ~ InverseGamma(2, 3)
           m ~ Normal(0, sqrt(s))
           for i in eachindex(x)
               x[i] ~ Normal(m, sqrt(s))
           end
       end;

julia> # construct a chain of samples using MCMCChains
       chain = Chains(rand(10, 2, 3), [:s, :m]);

julia> loglikelihood(demo_model([1., 2.]), chain);

loglikelihood(model::Model, θ)

Return the log likelihood of variables θ for the probabilistic model.

See also logjoint and logprior.

Examples

julia> @model function demo(x)
           m ~ Normal()
           for i in eachindex(x)
               x[i] ~ Normal(m, 1.0)
           end
       end
demo (generic function with 2 methods)

julia> # Using a `NamedTuple`.
       loglikelihood(demo([1.0]), (m = 100.0, ))
-4901.418938533205

julia> # Using a `OrderedDict`.
       loglikelihood(demo([1.0]), OrderedDict(@varname(m) => 100.0))
-4901.418938533205

julia> # Truth.
       logpdf(Normal(100.0, 1.0), 1.0)
-4901.418938533205

logjoint(model::Model, varinfo::AbstractVarInfo)

Return the log joint probability of variables varinfo for the probabilistic model.

See logprior and loglikelihood.

logjoint(model::Model, chain::AbstractMCMC.AbstractChains)

Return an array of log joint probabilities evaluated at each sample in an MCMC chain.

Examples

julia> using MCMCChains, Distributions

julia> @model function demo_model(x)
           s ~ InverseGamma(2, 3)
           m ~ Normal(0, sqrt(s))
           for i in eachindex(x)
               x[i] ~ Normal(m, sqrt(s))
           end
       end;

julia> # construct a chain of samples using MCMCChains
       chain = Chains(rand(10, 2, 3), [:s, :m]);

julia> logjoint(demo_model([1., 2.]), chain);

logjoint(model::Model, θ)

Return the log joint probability of variables θ for the probabilistic model.

See logprior and loglikelihood.

Examples

julia> @model function demo(x)
           m ~ Normal()
           for i in eachindex(x)
               x[i] ~ Normal(m, 1.0)
           end
       end
demo (generic function with 2 methods)

julia> # Using a `NamedTuple`.
       logjoint(demo([1.0]), (m = 100.0, ))
-9902.33787706641

julia> # Using a `OrderedDict`.
       logjoint(demo([1.0]), OrderedDict(@varname(m) => 100.0))
-9902.33787706641

julia> # Truth.
       logpdf(Normal(100.0, 1.0), 1.0) + logpdf(Normal(), 100.0)
-9902.33787706641

LogDensityFunction

A callable representing a log density function of a model.

Fields

• varinfo: varinfo used for evaluation

• model: model used for evaluation

• context: context used for evaluation; if nothing, leafcontext(model.context) will be used when applicable

Examples

julia> using Distributions

julia> using DynamicPPL: LogDensityFunction, contextualize

julia> @model function demo(x)
           m ~ Normal()
           x ~ Normal(m, 1)
       end
demo (generic function with 2 methods)

julia> model = demo(1.0);

julia> f = LogDensityFunction(model);

julia> # It implements the interface of LogDensityProblems.jl.
       using LogDensityProblems

julia> LogDensityProblems.logdensity(f, [0.0])
-2.3378770664093453

julia> LogDensityProblems.dimension(f)
1

julia> # By default it uses `VarInfo` under the hood, but this is not necessary.
       f = LogDensityFunction(model, SimpleVarInfo(model));

julia> LogDensityProblems.logdensity(f, [0.0])
-2.3378770664093453

julia> # This also respects the context in `model`.
       f_prior = LogDensityFunction(contextualize(model, DynamicPPL.PriorContext()), VarInfo(model));

julia> LogDensityProblems.logdensity(f_prior, [0.0]) == logpdf(Normal(), 0.0)
true

model | (x = 1.0, ...)

Return a Model which now treats variables on the right-hand side as observations.

See condition for more information and examples.

condition(model::Model; values...)
condition(model::Model, values::NamedTuple)

Return a Model which now treats the variables in values as observations.

See also: decondition, conditioned

Limitations

This does currently not work with variables that are provided to the model as arguments, e.g. @model function demo(x) ... end means that condition will not affect the variable x.

Therefore if one wants to make use of condition and decondition one should not be specifying any random variables as arguments.

This is done for the sake of backwards compatibility.

Examples

Simple univariate model

julia> using Distributions

julia> @model function demo()
           m ~ Normal()
           x ~ Normal(m, 1)
           return (; m=m, x=x)
       end
demo (generic function with 2 methods)

julia> model = demo();

julia> m, x = model(); (m ≠ 1.0 && x ≠ 100.0)
true

julia> # Create a new instance which treats `x` as observed
       # with value `100.0`, and similarly for `m=1.0`.
       conditioned_model = condition(model, x=100.0, m=1.0);

julia> m, x = conditioned_model(); (m == 1.0 && x == 100.0)
true

julia> # Let's only condition on `x = 100.0`.
       conditioned_model = condition(model, x = 100.0);

julia> m, x =conditioned_model(); (m ≠ 1.0 && x == 100.0)
true

julia> # We can also use the nicer `|` syntax.
       conditioned_model = model | (x = 100.0, );

julia> m, x = conditioned_model(); (m ≠ 1.0 && x == 100.0)
true

The above uses a NamedTuple to hold the conditioning variables, which allows us to perform some additional optimizations; in many cases, the above has zero runtime-overhead.

But we can also use a Dict, which offers more flexibility in the conditioning (see examples further below) but generally has worse performance than the NamedTuple approach:

julia> conditioned_model_dict = condition(model, Dict(@varname(x) => 100.0));

julia> m, x = conditioned_model_dict(); (m ≠ 1.0 && x == 100.0)
true

julia> # There's also an option using `|` by letting the right-hand side be a tuple
       # with elements of type `Pair{<:VarName}`, i.e. `vn => value` with `vn isa VarName`.
       conditioned_model_dict = model | (@varname(x) => 100.0, );

julia> m, x = conditioned_model_dict(); (m ≠ 1.0 && x == 100.0)
true

Condition only a part of a multivariate variable

Not only can be condition on multivariate random variables, but we can also use the standard mechanism of setting something to missing in the call to condition to only condition on a part of the variable.

julia> @model function demo_mv(::Type{TV}=Float64) where {TV}
           m = Vector{TV}(undef, 2)
           m[1] ~ Normal()
           m[2] ~ Normal()
           return m
       end
demo_mv (generic function with 4 methods)

julia> model = demo_mv();

julia> conditioned_model = condition(model, m = [missing, 1.0]);

julia> # (✓) `m[1]` sampled while `m[2]` is fixed
       m = conditioned_model(); (m[1] ≠ 1.0 && m[2] == 1.0)
true

Intuitively one might also expect to be able to write model | (m[1] = 1.0, ). Unfortunately this is not supported as it has the potential of increasing compilation times but without offering any benefit with respect to runtime:

julia> # (×) `m[2]` is not set to 1.0.
       m = condition(model, var"m[2]" = 1.0)(); m[2] == 1.0
false

But you can do this if you use a Dict as the underlying storage instead:

julia> # Alternatives:
       # - `model | (@varname(m[2]) => 1.0,)`
       # - `condition(model, Dict(@varname(m[2] => 1.0)))`
       # (✓) `m[2]` is set to 1.0.
       m = condition(model, @varname(m[2]) => 1.0)(); (m[1] ≠ 1.0 && m[2] == 1.0)
true

Nested models

condition of course also supports the use of nested models through the use of @submodel.

julia> @model demo_inner() = m ~ Normal()
demo_inner (generic function with 2 methods)

julia> @model function demo_outer()
           @submodel m = demo_inner()
           return m
       end
demo_outer (generic function with 2 methods)

julia> model = demo_outer();

julia> model() ≠ 1.0
true

julia> conditioned_model = model | (m = 1.0, );

julia> conditioned_model()
1.0

But one needs to be careful when prefixing variables in the nested models:

julia> @model function demo_outer_prefix()
           @submodel prefix="inner" m = demo_inner()
           return m
       end
demo_outer_prefix (generic function with 2 methods)

julia> # (×) This doesn't work now!
       conditioned_model = demo_outer_prefix() | (m = 1.0, );

julia> conditioned_model() == 1.0
false

julia> # (✓) `m` in `demo_inner` is referred to as `inner.m` internally, so we do:
       conditioned_model = demo_outer_prefix() | (var"inner.m" = 1.0, );

julia> conditioned_model()
1.0

julia> # Note that the above `var"..."` is just standard Julia syntax:
       keys((var"inner.m" = 1.0, ))
(Symbol("inner.m"),)

And similarly when using Dict:

julia> conditioned_model_dict = demo_outer_prefix() | (@varname(var"inner.m") => 1.0);

julia> conditioned_model_dict()
1.0

The difference is maybe more obvious once we look at how these different in their trace/VarInfo:

julia> keys(VarInfo(demo_outer()))
1-element Vector{VarName{:m, typeof(identity)}}:
 m

julia> keys(VarInfo(demo_outer_prefix()))
1-element Vector{VarName{Symbol("inner.m"), typeof(identity)}}:
 inner.m

From this we can tell what the correct way to condition m within demo_inner is in the two different models.

condition([context::AbstractContext,] values::NamedTuple)
condition([context::AbstractContext]; values...)

Return ConditionContext with values and context if values is non-empty, otherwise return context which is DefaultContext by default.

See also: decondition

conditioned(model::Model)

Return the conditioned values in model.

Examples

julia> using Distributions

julia> using DynamicPPL: conditioned, contextualize

julia> @model function demo()
           m ~ Normal()
           x ~ Normal(m, 1)
       end
demo (generic function with 2 methods)

julia> m = demo();

julia> # Returns all the variables we have conditioned on + their values.
       conditioned(condition(m, x=100.0, m=1.0))
(x = 100.0, m = 1.0)

julia> # Nested ones also work (note that `PrefixContext` does nothing to the result).
       cm = condition(contextualize(m, PrefixContext{:a}(condition(m=1.0))), x=100.0);

julia> conditioned(cm)
(x = 100.0, m = 1.0)

julia> # Since we conditioned on `m`, not `a.m` as it will appear after prefixed,
       # `a.m` is treated as a random variable.
       keys(VarInfo(cm))
1-element Vector{VarName{Symbol("a.m"), typeof(identity)}}:
 a.m

julia> # If we instead condition on `a.m`, `m` in the model will be considered an observation.
       cm = condition(contextualize(m, PrefixContext{:a}(condition(var"a.m"=1.0))), x=100.0);

julia> conditioned(cm).x
100.0

julia> conditioned(cm).var"a.m"
1.0

julia> keys(VarInfo(cm)) # <= no variables are sampled
VarName[]

conditioned(context::AbstractContext)

Return NamedTuple of values that are conditioned on under context`.

Note that this will recursively traverse the context stack and return a merged version of the condition values.

decondition(model::Model)
decondition(model::Model, variables...)

Return a Model for which variables... are not considered observations. If no variables are provided, then all variables currently considered observations will no longer be.

This is essentially the inverse of condition. This also means that it suffers from the same limitiations.

Note that currently we only support variables to take on explicit values provided to condition.

Examples

julia> using Distributions

julia> @model function demo()
           m ~ Normal()
           x ~ Normal(m, 1)
           return (; m=m, x=x)
       end
demo (generic function with 2 methods)

julia> conditioned_model = condition(demo(), m = 1.0, x = 10.0);

julia> conditioned_model()
(m = 1.0, x = 10.0)

julia> # By specifying the `VarName` to `decondition`.
       model = decondition(conditioned_model, @varname(m));

julia> (m, x) = model(); (m ≠ 1.0 && x == 10.0)
true

julia> # When `NamedTuple` is used as the underlying, you can also provide
       # the symbol directly (though the `@varname` approach is preferable if
       # if the variable is known at compile-time).
       model = decondition(conditioned_model, :m);

julia> (m, x) = model(); (m ≠ 1.0 && x == 10.0)
true

julia> # `decondition` multiple at once:
       (m, x) = decondition(model, :m, :x)(); (m ≠ 1.0 && x ≠ 10.0)
true

julia> # `decondition` without any symbols will `decondition` all variables.
       (m, x) = decondition(model)(); (m ≠ 1.0 && x ≠ 10.0)
true

julia> # Usage of `Val` to perform `decondition` at compile-time if possible
       # is also supported.
       model = decondition(conditioned_model, Val{:m}());

julia> (m, x) = model(); (m ≠ 1.0 && x == 10.0)
true

Similarly when using a Dict:

julia> conditioned_model_dict = condition(demo(), @varname(m) => 1.0, @varname(x) => 10.0);

julia> conditioned_model_dict()
(m = 1.0, x = 10.0)

julia> deconditioned_model_dict = decondition(conditioned_model_dict, @varname(m));

julia> (m, x) = deconditioned_model_dict(); m ≠ 1.0 && x == 10.0
true

But, as mentioned, decondition is only supported for variables explicitly provided to condition earlier;

julia> @model function demo_mv(::Type{TV}=Float64) where {TV}
           m = Vector{TV}(undef, 2)
           m[1] ~ Normal()
           m[2] ~ Normal()
           return m
       end
demo_mv (generic function with 4 methods)

julia> model = demo_mv();

julia> conditioned_model = condition(model, @varname(m) => [1.0, 2.0]);

julia> conditioned_model()
2-element Vector{Float64}:
 1.0
 2.0

julia> deconditioned_model = decondition(conditioned_model, @varname(m[1]));

julia> deconditioned_model()  # (×) `m[1]` is still conditioned
2-element Vector{Float64}:
 1.0
 2.0

julia> # (✓) this works though
       deconditioned_model_2 = deconditioned_model | (@varname(m[1]) => missing);

julia> m = deconditioned_model_2(); (m[1] ≠ 1.0 && m[2] == 2.0)
true

decondition(context::AbstractContext, syms...)

Return context but with syms no longer conditioned on.

Note that this recursively traverses contexts, deconditioning all along the way.

See also: condition

fix(model::Model; values...)
fix(model::Model, values::NamedTuple)

Return a Model which now treats the variables in values as fixed.

See also: unfix, fixed

Examples

Simple univariate model

julia> using Distributions

julia> @model function demo()
           m ~ Normal()
           x ~ Normal(m, 1)
           return (; m=m, x=x)
       end
demo (generic function with 2 methods)

julia> model = demo();

julia> m, x = model(); (m ≠ 1.0 && x ≠ 100.0)
true

julia> # Create a new instance which treats `x` as observed
       # with value `100.0`, and similarly for `m=1.0`.
       fixed_model = fix(model, x=100.0, m=1.0);

julia> m, x = fixed_model(); (m == 1.0 && x == 100.0)
true

julia> # Let's only fix on `x = 100.0`.
       fixed_model = fix(model, x = 100.0);

julia> m, x = fixed_model(); (m ≠ 1.0 && x == 100.0)
true

The above uses a NamedTuple to hold the fixed variables, which allows us to perform some additional optimizations; in many cases, the above has zero runtime-overhead.

But we can also use a Dict, which offers more flexibility in the fixing (see examples further below) but generally has worse performance than the NamedTuple approach:

julia> fixed_model_dict = fix(model, Dict(@varname(x) => 100.0));

julia> m, x = fixed_model_dict(); (m ≠ 1.0 && x == 100.0)
true

julia> # Alternative: pass `Pair{<:VarName}` as positional argument.
       fixed_model_dict = fix(model, @varname(x) => 100.0, );

julia> m, x = fixed_model_dict(); (m ≠ 1.0 && x == 100.0)
true

Fix only a part of a multivariate variable

We can not only fix multivariate random variables, but we can also use the standard mechanism of setting something to missing in the call to fix to only fix a part of the variable.

julia> @model function demo_mv(::Type{TV}=Float64) where {TV}
           m = Vector{TV}(undef, 2)
           m[1] ~ Normal()
           m[2] ~ Normal()
           return m
       end
demo_mv (generic function with 4 methods)

julia> model = demo_mv();

julia> fixed_model = fix(model, m = [missing, 1.0]);

julia> # (✓) `m[1]` sampled while `m[2]` is fixed
       m = fixed_model(); (m[1] ≠ 1.0 && m[2] == 1.0)
true

Intuitively one might also expect to be able to write something like fix(model, var"m[1]" = 1.0, ). Unfortunately this is not supported as it has the potential of increasing compilation times but without offering any benefit with respect to runtime:

julia> # (×) `m[2]` is not set to 1.0.
       m = fix(model, var"m[2]" = 1.0)(); m[2] == 1.0
false

But you can do this if you use a Dict as the underlying storage instead:

julia> # Alternative: `fix(model, Dict(@varname(m[2] => 1.0)))`
       # (✓) `m[2]` is set to 1.0.
       m = fix(model, @varname(m[2]) => 1.0)(); (m[1] ≠ 1.0 && m[2] == 1.0)
true

Nested models

fix of course also supports the use of nested models through the use of @submodel.

julia> @model demo_inner() = m ~ Normal()
demo_inner (generic function with 2 methods)

julia> @model function demo_outer()
           @submodel m = demo_inner()
           return m
       end
demo_outer (generic function with 2 methods)

julia> model = demo_outer();

julia> model() ≠ 1.0
true

julia> fixed_model = model | (m = 1.0, );

julia> fixed_model()
1.0

But one needs to be careful when prefixing variables in the nested models:

julia> @model function demo_outer_prefix()
           @submodel prefix="inner" m = demo_inner()
           return m
       end
demo_outer_prefix (generic function with 2 methods)

julia> # (×) This doesn't work now!
       fixed_model = demo_outer_prefix() | (m = 1.0, );

julia> fixed_model() == 1.0
false

julia> # (✓) `m` in `demo_inner` is referred to as `inner.m` internally, so we do:
       fixed_model = demo_outer_prefix() | (var"inner.m" = 1.0, );

julia> fixed_model()
1.0

julia> # Note that the above `var"..."` is just standard Julia syntax:
       keys((var"inner.m" = 1.0, ))
(Symbol("inner.m"),)

And similarly when using Dict:

julia> fixed_model_dict = demo_outer_prefix() | (@varname(var"inner.m") => 1.0);

julia> fixed_model_dict()
1.0

The difference is maybe more obvious once we look at how these different in their trace/VarInfo:

julia> keys(VarInfo(demo_outer()))
1-element Vector{VarName{:m, typeof(identity)}}:
 m

julia> keys(VarInfo(demo_outer_prefix()))
1-element Vector{VarName{Symbol("inner.m"), typeof(identity)}}:
 inner.m

From this we can tell what the correct way to fix m within demo_inner is in the two different models.

Difference from condition

A very similar functionality is also provided by condition which, not surprisingly, conditions variables instead of fixing them. The only difference between fixing and conditioning is as follows:

• conditioned variables are considered to be observations, and are thus included in the computation logjoint and loglikelihood, but not in logprior.
• fixed variables are considered to be constant, and are thus not included in any log-probability computations.

julia> @model function demo()
           m ~ Normal()
           x ~ Normal(m, 1)
           return (; m=m, x=x)
       end
demo (generic function with 2 methods)

julia> model = demo();

julia> model_fixed = fix(model, m = 1.0);

julia> model_conditioned = condition(model, m = 1.0);

julia> logjoint(model_fixed, (x=1.0,))
-0.9189385332046728

julia> # Different!
       logjoint(model_conditioned, (x=1.0,))
-2.3378770664093453

julia> # And the difference is the missing log-probability of `m`:
       logjoint(model_fixed, (x=1.0,)) + logpdf(Normal(), 1.0) == logjoint(model_conditioned, (x=1.0,))
true

fix([context::AbstractContext,] values::NamedTuple)
fix([context::AbstractContext]; values...)

Return FixedContext with values and context if values is non-empty, otherwise return context which is DefaultContext by default.

See also: unfix

fixed(model::Model)

Return the fixed values in model.

Examples

julia> using Distributions

julia> using DynamicPPL: fixed, contextualize

julia> @model function demo()
           m ~ Normal()
           x ~ Normal(m, 1)
       end
demo (generic function with 2 methods)

julia> m = demo();

julia> # Returns all the variables we have fixed on + their values.
       fixed(fix(m, x=100.0, m=1.0))
(x = 100.0, m = 1.0)

julia> # Nested ones also work (note that `PrefixContext` does nothing to the result).
       cm = fix(contextualize(m, PrefixContext{:a}(fix(m=1.0))), x=100.0);

julia> fixed(cm)
(x = 100.0, m = 1.0)

julia> # Since we fixed on `m`, not `a.m` as it will appear after prefixed,
       # `a.m` is treated as a random variable.
       keys(VarInfo(cm))
1-element Vector{VarName{Symbol("a.m"), typeof(identity)}}:
 a.m

julia> # If we instead fix on `a.m`, `m` in the model will be considered an observation.
       cm = fix(contextualize(m, PrefixContext{:a}(fix(var"a.m"=1.0))), x=100.0);

julia> fixed(cm).x
100.0

julia> fixed(cm).var"a.m"
1.0

julia> keys(VarInfo(cm)) # <= no variables are sampled
VarName[]

fixed(context::AbstractContext)

Return the values that are fixed under context.

Note that this will recursively traverse the context stack and return a merged version of the fix values.

unfix(model::Model)
unfix(model::Model, variables...)

Return a Model for which variables... are not considered fixed. If no variables are provided, then all variables currently considered fixed will no longer be.

This is essentially the inverse of fix. This also means that it suffers from the same limitiations.

Note that currently we only support variables to take on explicit values provided to fix.

Examples

julia> using Distributions

julia> @model function demo()
           m ~ Normal()
           x ~ Normal(m, 1)
           return (; m=m, x=x)
       end
demo (generic function with 2 methods)

julia> fixed_model = fix(demo(), m = 1.0, x = 10.0);

julia> fixed_model()
(m = 1.0, x = 10.0)

julia> # By specifying the `VarName` to `unfix`.
       model = unfix(fixed_model, @varname(m));

julia> (m, x) = model(); (m ≠ 1.0 && x == 10.0)
true

julia> # When `NamedTuple` is used as the underlying, you can also provide
       # the symbol directly (though the `@varname` approach is preferable if
       # if the variable is known at compile-time).
       model = unfix(fixed_model, :m);

julia> (m, x) = model(); (m ≠ 1.0 && x == 10.0)
true

julia> # `unfix` multiple at once:
       (m, x) = unfix(model, :m, :x)(); (m ≠ 1.0 && x ≠ 10.0)
true

julia> # `unfix` without any symbols will `unfix` all variables.
       (m, x) = unfix(model)(); (m ≠ 1.0 && x ≠ 10.0)
true

julia> # Usage of `Val` to perform `unfix` at compile-time if possible
       # is also supported.
       model = unfix(fixed_model, Val{:m}());

julia> (m, x) = model(); (m ≠ 1.0 && x == 10.0)
true

Similarly when using a Dict:

julia> fixed_model_dict = fix(demo(), @varname(m) => 1.0, @varname(x) => 10.0);

julia> fixed_model_dict()
(m = 1.0, x = 10.0)

julia> unfixed_model_dict = unfix(fixed_model_dict, @varname(m));

julia> (m, x) = unfixed_model_dict(); m ≠ 1.0 && x == 10.0
true

But, as mentioned, unfix is only supported for variables explicitly provided to fix earlier:

julia> @model function demo_mv(::Type{TV}=Float64) where {TV}
           m = Vector{TV}(undef, 2)
           m[1] ~ Normal()
           m[2] ~ Normal()
           return m
       end
demo_mv (generic function with 4 methods)

julia> model = demo_mv();

julia> fixed_model = fix(model, @varname(m) => [1.0, 2.0]);

julia> fixed_model()
2-element Vector{Float64}:
 1.0
 2.0

julia> unfixed_model = unfix(fixed_model, @varname(m[1]));

julia> unfixed_model()  # (×) `m[1]` is still fixed
2-element Vector{Float64}:
 1.0
 2.0

julia> # (✓) this works though
       unfixed_model_2 = fix(unfixed_model, @varname(m[1]) => missing);

julia> m = unfixed_model_2(); (m[1] ≠ 1.0 && m[2] == 2.0)
true

unfix(context::AbstractContext, syms...)

Return context but with syms no longer fixed.

Note that this recursively traverses contexts, unfixing all along the way.

See also: fix

@addlogprob!(ex)

Add the result of the evaluation of ex to the joint log probability.

Examples

This macro allows you to include arbitrary terms in the likelihood

julia> myloglikelihood(x, μ) = loglikelihood(Normal(μ, 1), x);

julia> @model function demo(x)
           μ ~ Normal()
           @addlogprob! myloglikelihood(x, μ)
       end;

julia> x = [1.3, -2.1];

julia> loglikelihood(demo(x), (μ=0.2,)) ≈ myloglikelihood(x, 0.2)
true

and to reject samples:

julia> @model function demo(x)
           m ~ MvNormal(zero(x), I)
           if dot(m, x) < 0
               @addlogprob! -Inf
               # Exit the model evaluation early
               return
           end
           x ~ MvNormal(m, I)
           return
       end;

julia> logjoint(demo([-2.1]), (m=[0.2],)) == -Inf
true

julia> myloglikelihood(x, μ) = loglikelihood(Normal(μ, 1), x);

julia> @model function demo(x)
           μ ~ Normal()
           if DynamicPPL.leafcontext(__context__) !== PriorContext()
               @addlogprob! myloglikelihood(x, μ)
           end
       end;

julia> x = [1.3, -2.1];

julia> logprior(demo(x), (μ=0.2,)) ≈ logpdf(Normal(), 0.2)
true

julia> loglikelihood(demo(x), (μ=0.2,)) ≈ myloglikelihood(x, 0.2)
true

generated_quantities(model::Model, parameters::NamedTuple)
generated_quantities(model::Model, values, keys)
generated_quantities(model::Model, values, keys)

Execute model with variables keys set to values and return the values returned by the model.

If a NamedTuple is given, keys=keys(parameters) and values=values(parameters).

Example

julia> using DynamicPPL, Distributions

julia> @model function demo(xs)
           s ~ InverseGamma(2, 3)
           m_shifted ~ Normal(10, √s)
           m = m_shifted - 10
           for i in eachindex(xs)
               xs[i] ~ Normal(m, √s)
           end
           return (m, )
       end
demo (generic function with 2 methods)

julia> model = demo(randn(10));

julia> parameters = (; s = 1.0, m_shifted=10.0);

julia> generated_quantities(model, parameters)
(0.0,)

julia> generated_quantities(model, values(parameters), keys(parameters))
(0.0,)

pointwise_logdensities(model::Model, chain::Chains, keytype = String)

Runs model on each sample in chain returning a OrderedDict{String, Matrix{Float64}} with keys corresponding to symbols of the variables, and values being matrices of shape (num_chains, num_samples).

keytype specifies what the type of the keys used in the returned OrderedDict are. Currently, only String and VarName are supported.

Notes

Say y is a Vector of n i.i.d. Normal(μ, σ) variables, with μ and σ both being <:Real. Then the observe (i.e. when the left-hand side is an observation) statements can be implemented in three ways:

1. using a for loop:

for i in eachindex(y)
    y[i] ~ Normal(μ, σ)
end

1. using .~:

y .~ Normal(μ, σ)

1. using MvNormal:

y ~ MvNormal(fill(μ, n), σ^2 * I)

In (1) and (2), y will be treated as a collection of n i.i.d. 1-dimensional variables, while in (3) y will be treated as a single n-dimensional observation.

This is important to keep in mind, in particular if the computation is used for downstream computations.

Examples

From chain

julia> using MCMCChains

julia> @model function demo(xs, y)
           s ~ InverseGamma(2, 3)
           m ~ Normal(0, √s)
           for i in eachindex(xs)
               xs[i] ~ Normal(m, √s)
           end
           y ~ Normal(m, √s)
       end
demo (generic function with 2 methods)

julia> # Example observations.
       model = demo([1.0, 2.0, 3.0], [4.0]);

julia> # A chain with 3 iterations.
       chain = Chains(
           reshape(1.:6., 3, 2),
           [:s, :m]
       );

julia> pointwise_logdensities(model, chain)
OrderedDict{String, Matrix{Float64}} with 6 entries:
  "s"     => [-0.802775; -1.38222; -2.09861;;]
  "m"     => [-8.91894; -7.51551; -7.46824;;]
  "xs[1]" => [-5.41894; -5.26551; -5.63491;;]
  "xs[2]" => [-2.91894; -3.51551; -4.13491;;]
  "xs[3]" => [-1.41894; -2.26551; -2.96824;;]
  "y"     => [-0.918939; -1.51551; -2.13491;;]

julia> pointwise_logdensities(model, chain, String)
OrderedDict{String, Matrix{Float64}} with 6 entries:
  "s"     => [-0.802775; -1.38222; -2.09861;;]
  "m"     => [-8.91894; -7.51551; -7.46824;;]
  "xs[1]" => [-5.41894; -5.26551; -5.63491;;]
  "xs[2]" => [-2.91894; -3.51551; -4.13491;;]
  "xs[3]" => [-1.41894; -2.26551; -2.96824;;]
  "y"     => [-0.918939; -1.51551; -2.13491;;]

julia> pointwise_logdensities(model, chain, VarName)
OrderedDict{VarName, Matrix{Float64}} with 6 entries:
  s     => [-0.802775; -1.38222; -2.09861;;]
  m     => [-8.91894; -7.51551; -7.46824;;]
  xs[1] => [-5.41894; -5.26551; -5.63491;;]
  xs[2] => [-2.91894; -3.51551; -4.13491;;]
  xs[3] => [-1.41894; -2.26551; -2.96824;;]
  y     => [-0.918939; -1.51551; -2.13491;;]

Broadcasting

Note that x .~ Dist() will treat x as a collection of independent observations rather than as a single observation.

julia> @model function demo(x)
           x .~ Normal()
       end;

julia> m = demo([1.0, ]);

julia> ℓ = pointwise_logdensities(m, VarInfo(m)); first(ℓ[@varname(x[1])])
-1.4189385332046727

julia> m = demo([1.0; 1.0]);

julia> ℓ = pointwise_logdensities(m, VarInfo(m)); first.((ℓ[@varname(x[1])], ℓ[@varname(x[2])]))
(-1.4189385332046727, -1.4189385332046727)

pointwise_loglikelihoods(model, chain[, keytype, context])

Compute the pointwise log-likelihoods of the model given the chain. This is the same as pointwise_logdensities(model, chain, context), but only including the likelihood terms. See also: pointwise_logdensities.

pointwise_prior_logdensities(model, chain[, keytype, context])

Compute the pointwise log-prior-densities of the model given the chain. This is the same as pointwise_logdensities(model, chain, context), but only including the prior terms. See also: pointwise_logdensities.

value_iterator_from_chain(model::Model, chain)
value_iterator_from_chain(varinfo::AbstractVarInfo, chain)

Return an iterator over the values in chain for each variable in model/varinfo.

Example

julia> using MCMCChains, DynamicPPL, Distributions, StableRNGs

julia> rng = StableRNG(42);

julia> @model function demo_model(x)
           s ~ InverseGamma(2, 3)
           m ~ Normal(0, sqrt(s))
           for i in eachindex(x)
               x[i] ~ Normal(m, sqrt(s))
           end

           return s, m
       end
demo_model (generic function with 2 methods)

julia> model = demo_model([1.0, 2.0]);

julia> chain = Chains(rand(rng, 10, 2, 3), [:s, :m]);

julia> iter = value_iterator_from_chain(model, chain);

julia> first(iter)
OrderedDict{VarName, Any} with 2 entries:
  s => 0.580515
  m => 0.739328

julia> collect(iter)
10×3 Matrix{OrderedDict{VarName, Any}}:
 OrderedDict(s=>0.580515, m=>0.739328)  …  OrderedDict(s=>0.186047, m=>0.402423)
 OrderedDict(s=>0.191241, m=>0.627342)     OrderedDict(s=>0.776277, m=>0.166342)
 OrderedDict(s=>0.971133, m=>0.637584)     OrderedDict(s=>0.651655, m=>0.712044)
 OrderedDict(s=>0.74345, m=>0.110359)      OrderedDict(s=>0.469214, m=>0.104502)
 OrderedDict(s=>0.170969, m=>0.598514)     OrderedDict(s=>0.853546, m=>0.185399)
 OrderedDict(s=>0.704776, m=>0.322111)  …  OrderedDict(s=>0.638301, m=>0.853802)
 OrderedDict(s=>0.441044, m=>0.162285)     OrderedDict(s=>0.852959, m=>0.0956922)
 OrderedDict(s=>0.803972, m=>0.643369)     OrderedDict(s=>0.245049, m=>0.871985)
 OrderedDict(s=>0.772384, m=>0.646323)     OrderedDict(s=>0.906603, m=>0.385502)
 OrderedDict(s=>0.70882, m=>0.253105)      OrderedDict(s=>0.413222, m=>0.953288)

julia> # This can be used to `condition` a `Model`.
       conditioned_model = model | first(iter);

julia> conditioned_model()  # <= results in same values as the `first(iter)` above
(0.5805148626851955, 0.7393275279160691)

extract_priors([rng::Random.AbstractRNG, ]model::Model)

Extract the priors from a model.

This is done by sampling from the model and recording the distributions that are used to generate the samples.

Examples

Changing parameters

julia> using Distributions, StableRNGs

julia> rng = StableRNG(42);

julia> @model function model_dynamic_parameters()
           x ~ Normal(0, 1)
           y ~ Normal(x, 1)
       end;

julia> model = model_dynamic_parameters();

julia> extract_priors(rng, model)[@varname(y)]
Normal{Float64}(μ=-0.6702516921145671, σ=1.0)

julia> extract_priors(rng, model)[@varname(y)]
Normal{Float64}(μ=1.3736306979834252, σ=1.0)

Changing support

julia> using LinearAlgebra, Distributions, StableRNGs

julia> rng = StableRNG(42);

julia> @model function model_dynamic_support()
           n ~ Categorical(ones(10) ./ 10)
           x ~ MvNormal(zeros(n), I)
       end;

julia> model = model_dynamic_support();

julia> length(extract_priors(rng, model)[@varname(x)])
6

julia> length(extract_priors(rng, model)[@varname(x)])
9

extract_priors(model::Model, varinfo::AbstractVarInfo)

Extract the priors from a model.

This is done by evaluating the model at the values present in varinfo and recording the distributions that are present at each tilde statement.

values_as_in_model(model::Model[, varinfo::AbstractVarInfo, context::AbstractContext])
values_as_in_model(rng::Random.AbstractRNG, model::Model[, varinfo::AbstractVarInfo, context::AbstractContext])

Get the values of varinfo as they would be seen in the model.

If no varinfo is provided, then this is effectively the same as Base.rand(rng::Random.AbstractRNG, model::Model).

More specifically, this method attempts to extract the realization as seen in the model. For example, x[1] ~ truncated(Normal(); lower=0) will result in a realization compatible with truncated(Normal(); lower=0) regardless of whether varinfo is working in unconstrained space.

Hence this method is a "safe" way of obtaining realizations in constrained space at the cost of additional model evaluations.

Arguments

• model::Model: model to extract realizations from.
• varinfo::AbstractVarInfo: variable information to use for the extraction.
• context::AbstractContext: context to use for the extraction. If rng is specified, then context will be wrapped in a SamplingContext with the provided rng.

Examples

When VarInfo fails

The following demonstrates a common pitfall when working with VarInfo and constrained variables.

julia> using Distributions, StableRNGs

julia> rng = StableRNG(42);

julia> @model function model_changing_support()
           x ~ Bernoulli(0.5)
           y ~ x == 1 ? Uniform(0, 1) : Uniform(11, 12)
       end;

julia> model = model_changing_support();

julia> # Construct initial type-stable `VarInfo`.
       varinfo = VarInfo(rng, model);

julia> # Link it so it works in unconstrained space.
       varinfo_linked = DynamicPPL.link(varinfo, model);

julia> # Perform computations in unconstrained space, e.g. changing the values of `θ`.
       # Flip `x` so we hit the other support of `y`.
       θ = [!varinfo[@varname(x)], rand(rng)];

julia> # Update the `VarInfo` with the new values.
       varinfo_linked = DynamicPPL.unflatten(varinfo_linked, θ);

julia> # Determine the expected support of `y`.
       lb, ub = θ[1] == 1 ? (0, 1) : (11, 12)
(0, 1)

julia> # Approach 1: Convert back to constrained space using `invlink` and extract.
       varinfo_invlinked = DynamicPPL.invlink(varinfo_linked, model);

julia> # (×) Fails! Because `VarInfo` _saves_ the original distributions
       # used in the very first model evaluation, hence the support of `y`
       # is not updated even though `x` has changed.
       lb ≤ first(varinfo_invlinked[@varname(y)]) ≤ ub
false

julia> # Approach 2: Extract realizations using `values_as_in_model`.
       # (✓) `values_as_in_model` will re-run the model and extract
       # the correct realization of `y` given the new values of `x`.
       lb ≤ values_as_in_model(model, varinfo_linked)[@varname(y)] ≤ ub
true

A named distribution that carries the name of the random variable with it.

test_sampler(models, sampler, args...; kwargs...)

Test that sampler produces correct marginal posterior means on each model in models.

In short, this method iterates through models, calls AbstractMCMC.sample on the model and sampler to produce a chain, and then checks marginal_mean_of_samples(chain, vn) for every (leaf) varname vn against the corresponding value returned by posterior_mean for each model.

To change how comparison is done for a particular chain type, one can overload marginal_mean_of_samples for the corresponding type.

Arguments

• models: A collection of instaces of DynamicPPL.Model to test on.
• sampler: The AbstractMCMC.AbstractSampler to test.
• args...: Arguments forwarded to sample.

Keyword arguments

• varnames_filter: A filter to apply to varnames(model), allowing comparison for only a subset of the varnames.
• atol=1e-1: Absolute tolerance used in @test.
• rtol=1e-3: Relative tolerance used in @test.
• kwargs...: Keyword arguments forwarded to sample.

test_sampler_on_demo_models(meanfunction, sampler, args...; kwargs...)

Test sampler on every model in DEMO_MODELS.

This is just a proxy for test_sampler(meanfunction, DEMO_MODELS, sampler, args...; kwargs...).

test_sampler_continuous(sampler, args...; kwargs...)

Test that sampler produces the correct marginal posterior means on all models in demo_models.

As of right now, this is just an alias for test_sampler_on_demo_models.

marginal_mean_of_samples(chain, varname)

Return the mean of variable represented by varname in chain.

A collection of models corresponding to the posterior distribution defined by the generative process

s ~ InverseGamma(2, 3)
m ~ Normal(0, √s)
1.5 ~ Normal(m, √s)
2.0 ~ Normal(m, √s)

or by

s[1] ~ InverseGamma(2, 3)
s[2] ~ InverseGamma(2, 3)
m[1] ~ Normal(0, √s)
m[2] ~ Normal(0, √s)
1.5 ~ Normal(m[1], √s[1])
2.0 ~ Normal(m[2], √s[2])

These are examples of a Normal-InverseGamma conjugate prior with Normal likelihood, for which the posterior is known in closed form.

In particular, for the univariate model (the former one):

mean(s) == 49 / 24
mean(m) == 7 / 6

And for the multivariate one (the latter one):

mean(s[1]) == 19 / 8
mean(m[1]) == 3 / 4
mean(s[2]) == 8 / 3
mean(m[2]) == 1

logprior_true(model, args...)

Return the logprior of model for args.

This should generally be implemented by hand for every specific model.

See also: logjoint_true, loglikelihood_true.

loglikelihood_true(model, args...)

Return the loglikelihood of model for args.

This should generally be implemented by hand for every specific model.

See also: logjoint_true, logprior_true.

logjoint_true(model, args...)

Return the logjoint of model for args.

Defaults to logprior_true(model, args...) + loglikelihood_true(model, args..).

This should generally be implemented by hand for every specific model so that the returned value can be used as a ground-truth for testing things like:

1. Validity of evaluation of model using a particular implementation of AbstractVarInfo.
2. Validity of a sampler when combined with DynamicPPL by running the sampler twice: once targeting ground-truth functions, e.g. logjoint_true, and once targeting model.

And more.

See also: logprior_true, loglikelihood_true.

logprior_true_with_logabsdet_jacobian(model::Model, args...)

Return a tuple (args_unconstrained, logprior_unconstrained) of model for args....

Unlike logprior_true, the returned logprior computation includes the log-absdet-jacobian adjustment, thus computing logprior for the unconstrained variables.

Note that args are assumed be in the support of model, while args_unconstrained will be unconstrained.

See also: logprior_true.

logjoint_true_with_logabsdet_jacobian(model::Model, args...)

Return a tuple (args_unconstrained, logjoint) of model for args.

Unlike logjoint_true, the returned logjoint computation includes the log-absdet-jacobian adjustment, thus computing logjoint for the unconstrained variables.

Note that args are assumed be in the support of model, while args_unconstrained will be unconstrained.

This should generally not be implemented directly, instead one should implement logprior_true_with_logabsdet_jacobian for a given model.

See also: logjoint_true, logprior_true_with_logabsdet_jacobian.

varnames(model::Model)

Return a collection of VarName as they are expected to appear in the model.

Even though it is recommended to implement this by hand for a particular Model, a default implementation using SimpleVarInfo{<:Dict} is provided.

posterior_mean(model::Model)

Return a NamedTuple compatible with varnames(model) where the values represent the posterior mean under model.

"Compatible" means that a varname from varnames(model) can be used to extract the corresponding value using get, e.g. get(posterior_mean(model), varname).

setup_varinfos(model::Model, example_values::NamedTuple, varnames; include_threadsafe::Bool=false)

Return a tuple of instances for different implementations of AbstractVarInfo with each vi, supposedly, satisfying vi[vn] == get(example_values, vn) for vn in varnames.

If include_threadsafe is true, then the returned tuple will also include thread-safe versions of the varinfo instances.

update_values!!(vi::AbstractVarInfo, vals::NamedTuple, vns)

Return instance similar to vi but with vns set to values from vals.

test_values(vi::AbstractVarInfo, vals::NamedTuple, vns)

Test that vi[vn] corresponds to the correct value in vals for every vn in vns.

check_model([rng, ]model::Model; kwargs...)

Check that model is valid, warning about any potential issues.

See check_model_and_trace for more details on supported keword arguments and details of which types of checks are performed.

Returns

• issuccess::Bool: Whether the model check succeeded.

check_model_and_trace([rng, ]model::Model; kwargs...)

Check that model is valid, warning about any potential issues.

This will check the model for the following issues:

1. Repeated usage of the same varname in a model.
2. Incorrectly treating a variable as random rather than fixed, and vice versa.

Arguments

• rng::Random.AbstractRNG: The random number generator to use when evaluating the model.
• model::Model: The model to check.

Keyword Arguments

• varinfo::VarInfo: The varinfo to use when evaluating the model. Default: VarInfo(model).
• context::AbstractContext: The context to use when evaluating the model. Default: DefaultContext.
• error_on_failure::Bool: Whether to throw an error if the model check fails. Default: false.

Returns

• issuccess::Bool: Whether the model check succeeded.
• trace::Vector{Stmt}: The trace of statements executed during the model check.

Examples

Correct model

julia> using StableRNGs

julia> rng = StableRNG(42);

julia> @model demo_correct() = x ~ Normal()
demo_correct (generic function with 2 methods)

julia> issuccess, trace = check_model_and_trace(rng, demo_correct());

julia> issuccess
true

julia> print(trace)
 assume: x ~ Normal{Float64}(μ=0.0, σ=1.0) ⟼ -0.670252 (logprob = -1.14356)

julia> issuccess, trace = check_model_and_trace(rng, demo_correct() | (x = 1.0,));

julia> issuccess
true

julia> print(trace)
observe: 1.0 ~ Normal{Float64}(μ=0.0, σ=1.0) (logprob = -1.41894)

Incorrect model

julia> @model function demo_incorrect()
           # (×) Sampling `x` twice will lead to incorrect log-probabilities!
           x ~ Normal()
           x ~ Exponential()
       end
demo_incorrect (generic function with 2 methods)

julia> issuccess, trace = check_model_and_trace(rng, demo_incorrect(); error_on_failure=true);
ERROR: varname x used multiple times in model

has_static_constraints([rng, ]model::Model; num_evals=5, kwargs...)

Return true if the model has static constraints, false otherwise.

Note that this is a heuristic check based on sampling from the model multiple times and checking if the model is consistent across runs.

Arguments

• rng::Random.AbstractRNG: The random number generator to use when evaluating the model.
• model::Model: The model to check.

Keyword Arguments

• num_evals::Int: The number of evaluations to perform. Default: 5.
• kwargs...: Additional keyword arguments to pass to check_model_and_trace.

model_warntype(model[, varinfo, context]; optimize=true)

Check the type stability of the model's evaluator, warning about any potential issues.

This simply calls @code_warntype on the model's evaluator, filling in internal arguments where needed.

Arguments

• model::Model: The model to check.
• varinfo::AbstractVarInfo: The varinfo to use when evaluating the model. Default: VarInfo(model).
• context::AbstractContext: The context to use when evaluating the model. Default: DefaultContext.

Keyword Arguments

• optimize::Bool: Whether to generate optimized code. Default: false.

model_typed(model[, varinfo, context]; optimize=true)

Return the type inference for the model's evaluator.

This simply calls @code_typed on the model's evaluator, filling in internal arguments where needed.

Arguments

• model::Model: The model to check.
• varinfo::AbstractVarInfo: The varinfo to use when evaluating the model. Default: VarInfo(model).
• context::AbstractContext: The context to use when evaluating the model. Default: DefaultContext.

Keyword Arguments

• optimize::Bool: Whether to generate optimized code. Default: true.

gen_evaluator_call_with_types(model[, varinfo, context])

Generate the evaluator call and the types of the arguments.

Arguments

• model::Model: The model whose evaluator is of interest.
• varinfo::AbstractVarInfo: The varinfo to use when evaluating the model. Default: VarInfo(model).
• context::AbstractContext: The context to use when evaluating the model. Default: DefaultContext.

Returns

A 2-tuple with the following elements:

• f: This is either model.f or Core.kwcall, depending on whether the model has keyword arguments.
• argtypes::Type{<:Tuple}: The types of the arguments for the evaluator.

AbstractVarInfo

Abstract supertype for data structures that capture random variables when executing a probabilistic model and accumulate log densities such as the log likelihood or the log joint probability of the model.

See also: VarInfo, SimpleVarInfo.

struct VarInfo{Tmeta, Tlogp} <: AbstractVarInfo
    metadata::Tmeta
    logp::Base.RefValue{Tlogp}
    num_produce::Base.RefValue{Int}
end

A light wrapper over one or more instances of Metadata. Let vi be an instance of VarInfo. If vi isa VarInfo{<:Metadata}, then only one Metadata instance is used for all the sybmols. VarInfo{<:Metadata} is aliased UntypedVarInfo. If vi isa VarInfo{<:NamedTuple}, then vi.metadata is a NamedTuple that maps each symbol used on the LHS of ~ in the model to its Metadata instance. The latter allows for the type specialization of vi after the first sampling iteration when all the symbols have been observed. VarInfo{<:NamedTuple} is aliased TypedVarInfo.

Note: It is the user's responsibility to ensure that each "symbol" is visited at least once whenever the model is called, regardless of any stochastic branching. Each symbol refers to a Julia variable and can be a hierarchical array of many random variables, e.g. x[1] ~ ... and x[2] ~ ... both have the same symbol x.

TypedVarInfo(vi::UntypedVarInfo)

This function finds all the unique syms from the instances of VarName{sym} found in vi.metadata.vns. It then extracts the metadata associated with each symbol from the global vi.metadata field. Finally, a new VarInfo is created with a new metadata as a NamedTuple mapping from symbols to type-stable Metadata instances, one for each symbol.

link!(vi::VarInfo, spl::Sampler)

Transform the values of the random variables sampled by spl in vi from the support of their distributions to the Euclidean space and set their corresponding "trans" flag values to true.

invlink!(vi::VarInfo, spl::AbstractSampler)

Transform the values of the random variables sampled by spl in vi from the Euclidean space back to the support of their distributions and sets their corresponding "trans" flag values to false.

set_flag!(vi::VarInfo, vn::VarName, flag::String)

Set vn's value for flag to true in vi.

unset_flag!(vi::VarInfo, vn::VarName, flag::String, ignorable::Bool=false

Set vn's value for flag to false in vi.

Setting some flags for some VarInfo types is not possible, and by default attempting to do so will error. If ignorable is set to true then this will silently be ignored instead.

is_flagged(vi::VarInfo, vn::VarName, flag::String)

Check whether vn has a true value for flag in vi.

setgid!(vi::VarInfo, gid::Selector, vn::VarName)

Add gid to the set of sampler selectors associated with vn in vi.

updategid!(vi::VarInfo, vn::VarName, spl::Sampler)

Set vn's gid to Set([spl.selector]), if vn does not have a sampler selector linked and vn's symbol is in the space of spl.

get_num_produce(vi::VarInfo)

Return the num_produce of vi.

set_num_produce!(vi::VarInfo, n::Int)

Set the num_produce field of vi to n.

increment_num_produce!(vi::VarInfo)

Add 1 to num_produce in vi.

reset_num_produce!(vi::VarInfo)

Reset the value of num_produce the log of the joint probability of the observed data and parameters sampled in vi to 0.

setorder!(vi::VarInfo, vn::VarName, index::Int)

Set the order of vn in vi to index, where order is the number of observe statements run before samplingvn`.

set_retained_vns_del_by_spl!(vi::VarInfo, spl::Sampler)

Set the "del" flag of variables in vi with order > vi.num_produce[] to true.

empty!(meta::Metadata)

Empty the fields of meta.

This is useful when using a sampling algorithm that assumes an empty meta, e.g. SMC.

struct SimpleVarInfo{NT, T, C<:DynamicPPL.AbstractTransformation} <: AbstractVarInfo

A simple wrapper of the parameters with a logp field for accumulation of the logdensity.

Currently only implemented for NT<:NamedTuple and NT<:AbstractDict.

Fields

• values: underlying representation of the realization represented

• logp: holds the accumulated log-probability

• transformation: represents whether it assumes variables to be transformed

Notes

The major differences between this and TypedVarInfo are:

1. SimpleVarInfo does not require linearization.
2. SimpleVarInfo can use more efficient bijectors.
3. SimpleVarInfo is only type-stable if NT<:NamedTuple and either a) no indexing is used in tilde-statements, or b) the values have been specified with the correct shapes.

Examples

General usage

julia> using StableRNGs

julia> @model function demo()
           m ~ Normal()
           x = Vector{Float64}(undef, 2)
           for i in eachindex(x)
               x[i] ~ Normal()
           end
           return x
       end
demo (generic function with 2 methods)

julia> m = demo();

julia> rng = StableRNG(42);

julia> ### Sampling ###
       ctx = SamplingContext(rng, SampleFromPrior(), DefaultContext());

julia> # In the `NamedTuple` version we need to provide the place-holder values for
       # the variables which are using "containers", e.g. `Array`.
       # In this case, this means that we need to specify `x` but not `m`.
       _, vi = DynamicPPL.evaluate!!(m, SimpleVarInfo((x = ones(2), )), ctx);

julia> # (✓) Vroom, vroom! FAST!!!
       vi[@varname(x[1])]
0.4471218424633827

julia> # We can also access arbitrary varnames pointing to `x`, e.g.
       vi[@varname(x)]
2-element Vector{Float64}:
 0.4471218424633827
 1.3736306979834252

julia> vi[@varname(x[1:2])]
2-element Vector{Float64}:
 0.4471218424633827
 1.3736306979834252

julia> # (×) If we don't provide the container...
       _, vi = DynamicPPL.evaluate!!(m, SimpleVarInfo(), ctx); vi
ERROR: type NamedTuple has no field x
[...]

julia> # If one does not know the varnames, we can use a `OrderedDict` instead.
       _, vi = DynamicPPL.evaluate!!(m, SimpleVarInfo{Float64}(OrderedDict()), ctx);

julia> # (✓) Sort of fast, but only possible at runtime.
       vi[@varname(x[1])]
-1.019202452456547

julia> # In addtion, we can only access varnames as they appear in the model!
       vi[@varname(x)]
ERROR: KeyError: key x not found
[...]

julia> vi[@varname(x[1:2])]
ERROR: KeyError: key x[1:2] not found
[...]

Technically, it's possible to use any implementation of AbstractDict in place of OrderedDict, but OrderedDict ensures that certain operations, e.g. linearization/flattening of the values in the varinfo, are consistent between evaluations. Hence OrderedDict is the preferred implementation of AbstractDict to use here.

You can also sample in transformed space:

julia> @model demo_constrained() = x ~ Exponential()
demo_constrained (generic function with 2 methods)

julia> m = demo_constrained();

julia> _, vi = DynamicPPL.evaluate!!(m, SimpleVarInfo(), ctx);

julia> vi[@varname(x)] # (✓) 0 ≤ x < ∞
1.8632965762164932

julia> _, vi = DynamicPPL.evaluate!!(m, DynamicPPL.settrans!!(SimpleVarInfo(), true), ctx);

julia> vi[@varname(x)] # (✓) -∞ < x < ∞
-0.21080155351918753

julia> xs = [last(DynamicPPL.evaluate!!(m, DynamicPPL.settrans!!(SimpleVarInfo(), true), ctx))[@varname(x)] for i = 1:10];

julia> any(xs .< 0)  # (✓) Positive probability mass on negative numbers!
true

julia> # And with `OrderedDict` of course!
       _, vi = DynamicPPL.evaluate!!(m, DynamicPPL.settrans!!(SimpleVarInfo(OrderedDict()), true), ctx);

julia> vi[@varname(x)] # (✓) -∞ < x < ∞
0.6225185067787314

julia> xs = [last(DynamicPPL.evaluate!!(m, DynamicPPL.settrans!!(SimpleVarInfo(), true), ctx))[@varname(x)] for i = 1:10];

julia> any(xs .< 0) # (✓) Positive probability mass on negative numbers!
true

Evaluation in transformed space of course also works:

julia> vi = DynamicPPL.settrans!!(SimpleVarInfo((x = -1.0,)), true)
Transformed SimpleVarInfo((x = -1.0,), 0.0)

julia> # (✓) Positive probability mass on negative numbers!
       getlogp(last(DynamicPPL.evaluate!!(m, vi, DynamicPPL.DefaultContext())))
-1.3678794411714423

julia> # While if we forget to indicate that it's transformed:
       vi = DynamicPPL.settrans!!(SimpleVarInfo((x = -1.0,)), false)
SimpleVarInfo((x = -1.0,), 0.0)

julia> # (✓) No probability mass on negative numbers!
       getlogp(last(DynamicPPL.evaluate!!(m, vi, DynamicPPL.DefaultContext())))
-Inf

Indexing

Using NamedTuple as underlying storage.

julia> svi_nt = SimpleVarInfo((m = (a = [1.0], ), ));

julia> svi_nt[@varname(m)]
(a = [1.0],)

julia> svi_nt[@varname(m.a)]
1-element Vector{Float64}:
 1.0

julia> svi_nt[@varname(m.a[1])]
1.0

julia> svi_nt[@varname(m.a[2])]
ERROR: BoundsError: attempt to access 1-element Vector{Float64} at index [2]
[...]

julia> svi_nt[@varname(m.b)]
ERROR: type NamedTuple has no field b
[...]

Using OrderedDict as underlying storage.

julia> svi_dict = SimpleVarInfo(OrderedDict(@varname(m) => (a = [1.0], )));

julia> svi_dict[@varname(m)]
(a = [1.0],)

julia> svi_dict[@varname(m.a)]
1-element Vector{Float64}:
 1.0

julia> svi_dict[@varname(m.a[1])]
1.0

julia> svi_dict[@varname(m.a[2])]
ERROR: BoundsError: attempt to access 1-element Vector{Float64} at index [2]
[...]

julia> svi_dict[@varname(m.b)]
ERROR: type NamedTuple has no field b
[...]

getlogp(vi::AbstractVarInfo)

Return the log of the joint probability of the observed data and parameters sampled in vi.

setlogp!!(vi::AbstractVarInfo, logp)

Set the log of the joint probability of the observed data and parameters sampled in vi to logp, mutating if it makes sense.

acclogp!!([context::AbstractContext, ]vi::AbstractVarInfo, logp)

Add logp to the value of the log of the joint probability of the observed data and parameters sampled in vi, mutating if it makes sense.

resetlogp!!(vi::AbstractVarInfo)

Reset the value of the log of the joint probability of the observed data and parameters sampled in vi to 0, mutating if it makes sense.

keys(vi::AbstractVarInfo)

Return an iterator over all vns in vi.

getindex(vi::AbstractVarInfo, vn::VarName[, dist::Distribution])
getindex(vi::AbstractVarInfo, vns::Vector{<:VarName}[, dist::Distribution])

Return the current value(s) of vn (vns) in vi in the support of its (their) distribution(s).

If dist is specified, the value(s) will be massaged into the representation expected by dist.

push!!(vi::AbstractVarInfo, vn::VarName, r, dist::Distribution)

Push a new random variable vn with a sampled value r from a distribution dist to the VarInfo vi, mutating if it makes sense.

push!!(vi::AbstractVarInfo, vn::VarName, r, dist::Distribution, spl::AbstractSampler)

Push a new random variable vn with a sampled value r sampled with a sampler spl from a distribution dist to VarInfo vi, if it makes sense.

The sampler is passed here to invalidate its cache where defined.

push!!(vi::AbstractVarInfo, vn::VarName, r, dist::Distribution, gid::Selector)

Push a new random variable vn with a sampled value r sampled with a sampler of selector gid from a distribution dist to VarInfo vi.

empty!!(vi::AbstractVarInfo)

Empty the fields of vi.metadata and reset vi.logp[] and vi.num_produce[] to zeros.

This is useful when using a sampling algorithm that assumes an empty vi, e.g. SMC.

isempty(vi::AbstractVarInfo)

Return true if vi is empty and false otherwise.

getindex_internal(vi::AbstractVarInfo, vn::VarName)
getindex_internal(vi::AbstractVarInfo, vns::Vector{<:VarName})

Return the current value(s) of vn (vns) in vi as represented internally in vi.

See also: getindex(vi::AbstractVarInfo, vn::VarName, dist::Distribution)

setindex_internal!(vnv::VarNamedVector, val, i::Int)

Sets the ith element of the internal storage vector, ignoring inactive entries.

setindex_internal!(vnv::VarNamedVector, val, vn::VarName[, transform])

Like setindex!, but sets the values as they are stored internally in vnv.

Optionally can set the transformation, such that transform(val) is the original value of the variable. By default, the transform is the identity if creating a new entry in vnv, or the existing transform if updating an existing entry.

update_internal!(vnv::VarNamedVector, vn::VarName, val::AbstractVector[, transform])

Update an existing entry for vn in vnv with the value val.

Like setindex_internal!, but errors if the key vn doesn't exist.

transform should be a function that converts val to the original representation. By default it's the same as the old transform for vn.

insert_internal!(vnv::VarNamedVector, val::AbstractVector, vn::VarName[, transform])

Add a variable with given value to vnv.

Like setindex_internal!, but errors if the key vn already exists.

transform should be a function that converts val to the original representation. By default it's identity.

length_internal(vnv::VarNamedVector)

Return the length of the internal storage vector of vnv, ignoring inactive entries.

reset!(vnv::VarNamedVector, val, vn::VarName)

Reset the value of vn in vnv to val.

This differs from setindex! in that it will always change the transform of the variable to be the default vectorisation transform. This undoes any possible linking.

Examples

julia> using DynamicPPL: VarNamedVector, @varname, reset!

julia> vnv = VarNamedVector();

julia> vnv[@varname(x)] = reshape(1:9, (3, 3));

julia> setindex!(vnv, 2.0, @varname(x))
ERROR: An error occurred while assigning the value 2.0 to variable x. If you are changing the type or size of a variable you'll need to call reset!
[...]

julia> reset!(vnv, 2.0, @varname(x));

julia> vnv[@varname(x)]
2.0

update!(vnv::VarNamedVector, val, vn::VarName)

Update the value of vn in vnv to val.

Like setindex!, but errors if the key vn doesn't exist.

insert!(vnv::VarNamedVector, val, vn::VarName)

Add a variable with given value to vnv.

Like setindex!, but errors if the key vn already exists.

loosen_types!!(vnv::VarNamedVector{K,V,TVN,TVal,TTrans}, ::Type{KNew}, ::Type{TransNew})

Loosen the types of vnv to allow varname type KNew and transformation type TransNew.

If KNew is a subtype of K and TransNew is a subtype of the element type of the TTrans then this is a no-op and vnv is returned as is. Otherwise a new VarNamedVector is returned with the same data but more abstract types, so that variables of type KNew and transformations of type TransNew can be pushed to it. Some of the underlying storage is shared between vnv and the return value, and thus mutating one may affect the other.

See also

tighten_types

Examples

julia> using DynamicPPL: VarNamedVector, @varname, loosen_types!!, setindex_internal!

julia> vnv = VarNamedVector(@varname(x) => [1.0]);

julia> y_trans(x) = reshape(x, (2, 2));

julia> setindex_internal!(vnv, collect(1:4), @varname(y), y_trans)
ERROR: MethodError: Cannot `convert` an object of type
[...]

julia> vnv_loose = DynamicPPL.loosen_types!!(vnv, typeof(@varname(y)), typeof(y_trans));

julia> setindex_internal!(vnv_loose, collect(1:4), @varname(y), y_trans)

julia> vnv_loose[@varname(y)]
2×2 Matrix{Float64}:
 1.0  3.0
 2.0  4.0

tighten_types(vnv::VarNamedVector)

Return a copy of vnv with the most concrete types possible.

For instance, if vnv has its vector of transforms have eltype Any, but all the transforms are actually identity transformations, this function will return a new VarNamedVector with the transforms vector having eltype typeof(identity).

This is a lot like the reverse of loosen_types!!, but with two notable differences: Unlike loosen_types!!, this function does not mutate vnv; it also changes not only the key and transform eltypes, but also the values eltype.

See also

loosen_types!!

Examples

julia> using DynamicPPL: VarNamedVector, @varname, loosen_types!!, setindex_internal!

julia> vnv = VarNamedVector();

julia> setindex!(vnv, [23], @varname(x))

julia> eltype(vnv)
Real

julia> vnv.transforms
1-element Vector{Any}:
 identity (generic function with 1 method)

julia> vnv_tight = DynamicPPL.tighten_types(vnv);

julia> eltype(vnv_tight) == Int
true

julia> vnv_tight.transforms
1-element Vector{typeof(identity)}:
 identity (generic function with 1 method)

values_as(varinfo[, Type])

Return the values/realizations in varinfo as Type, if implemented.

If no Type is provided, return values as stored in varinfo.

Examples

SimpleVarInfo with NamedTuple:

julia> data = (x = 1.0, m = [2.0]);

julia> values_as(SimpleVarInfo(data))
(x = 1.0, m = [2.0])

julia> values_as(SimpleVarInfo(data), NamedTuple)
(x = 1.0, m = [2.0])

julia> values_as(SimpleVarInfo(data), OrderedDict)
OrderedDict{VarName{sym, typeof(identity)} where sym, Any} with 2 entries:
  x => 1.0
  m => [2.0]

julia> values_as(SimpleVarInfo(data), Vector)
2-element Vector{Float64}:
 1.0
 2.0

SimpleVarInfo with OrderedDict:

julia> data = OrderedDict{Any,Any}(@varname(x) => 1.0, @varname(m) => [2.0]);

julia> values_as(SimpleVarInfo(data))
OrderedDict{Any, Any} with 2 entries:
  x => 1.0
  m => [2.0]

julia> values_as(SimpleVarInfo(data), NamedTuple)
(x = 1.0, m = [2.0])

julia> values_as(SimpleVarInfo(data), OrderedDict)
OrderedDict{Any, Any} with 2 entries:
  x => 1.0
  m => [2.0]

julia> values_as(SimpleVarInfo(data), Vector)
2-element Vector{Float64}:
 1.0
 2.0

TypedVarInfo:

julia> # Just use an example model to construct the `VarInfo` because we're lazy.
       vi = VarInfo(DynamicPPL.TestUtils.demo_assume_dot_observe());

julia> vi[@varname(s)] = 1.0; vi[@varname(m)] = 2.0;

julia> # For the sake of brevity, let's just check the type.
       md = values_as(vi); md.s isa Union{DynamicPPL.Metadata, DynamicPPL.VarNamedVector}
true

julia> values_as(vi, NamedTuple)
(s = 1.0, m = 2.0)

julia> values_as(vi, OrderedDict)
OrderedDict{VarName{sym, typeof(identity)} where sym, Float64} with 2 entries:
  s => 1.0
  m => 2.0

julia> values_as(vi, Vector)
2-element Vector{Float64}:
 1.0
 2.0

UntypedVarInfo:

julia> # Just use an example model to construct the `VarInfo` because we're lazy.
       vi = VarInfo(); DynamicPPL.TestUtils.demo_assume_dot_observe()(vi);

julia> vi[@varname(s)] = 1.0; vi[@varname(m)] = 2.0;

julia> # For the sake of brevity, let's just check the type.
       values_as(vi) isa Union{DynamicPPL.Metadata, Vector}
true

julia> values_as(vi, NamedTuple)
(s = 1.0, m = 2.0)

julia> values_as(vi, OrderedDict)
OrderedDict{VarName{sym, typeof(identity)} where sym, Float64} with 2 entries:
  s => 1.0
  m => 2.0

julia> values_as(vi, Vector)
2-element Vector{Real}:
 1.0
 2.0

abstract type AbstractTransformation

Represents a transformation to be used in link!! and invlink!!, amongst others.

A concrete implementation of this should implement the following methods:

• link!!: transforms the AbstractVarInfo to the unconstrained space.
• invlink!!: transforms the AbstractVarInfo to the constrained space.

And potentially:

• maybe_invlink_before_eval!!: hook to decide whether to transform before evaluating the model.

See also: link!!, invlink!!, maybe_invlink_before_eval!!.

struct NoTransformation <: DynamicPPL.AbstractTransformation

Transformation which applies the identity function.

struct DynamicTransformation <: DynamicPPL.AbstractTransformation

Transformation which transforms the variables on a per-need-basis in the execution of a given Model.

This is in constrast to StaticTransformation which transforms all variables before the execution of a given Model.

See also: StaticTransformation.

struct StaticTransformation{F} <: DynamicPPL.AbstractTransformation

Transformation which transforms all variables before the execution of a given Model.

This is done through the maybe_invlink_before_eval!! method.

See also: DynamicTransformation, maybe_invlink_before_eval!!.

Fields

• bijector::Any: The function, assumed to implement the Bijectors interface, to be applied to the variables

istrans(vnv::VarNamedVector, vn::VarName)

Return a boolean for whether vn is guaranteed to have been transformed so that its domain is all of Euclidean space.

istrans(vi::AbstractVarInfo[, vns::Union{VarName, AbstractVector{<:Varname}}])

Return true if vi is working in unconstrained space, and false if vi is assuming realizations to be in support of the corresponding distributions.

If vns is provided, then only check if this/these varname(s) are transformed.

settrans!!(vi::AbstractVarInfo, trans::Bool[, vn::VarName])

Return vi with istrans(vi, vn) evaluating to true.

If vn is not specified, then istrans(vi) evaluates to true for all variables.

transformation(vi::AbstractVarInfo)

Return the AbstractTransformation related to vi.

link([t::AbstractTransformation, ]vi::AbstractVarInfo, model::Model)
link([t::AbstractTransformation, ]vi::AbstractVarInfo, spl::AbstractSampler, model::Model)

Transform the variables in vi to their linked space without mutating vi, using the transformation t.

If t is not provided, default_transformation(model, vi) will be used.

See also: default_transformation, invlink.

invlink([t::AbstractTransformation, ]vi::AbstractVarInfo, model::Model)
invlink([t::AbstractTransformation, ]vi::AbstractVarInfo, spl::AbstractSampler, model::Model)

Transform the variables in vi to their constrained space without mutating vi, using the (inverse of) transformation t.

If t is not provided, default_transformation(model, vi) will be used.

See also: default_transformation, link.

link!!([t::AbstractTransformation, ]vi::AbstractVarInfo, model::Model)
link!!([t::AbstractTransformation, ]vi::AbstractVarInfo, spl::AbstractSampler, model::Model)

Transform the variables in vi to their linked space, using the transformation t, mutating vi if possible.

If t is not provided, default_transformation(model, vi) will be used.

See also: default_transformation, invlink!!.

invlink!!([t::AbstractTransformation, ]vi::AbstractVarInfo, model::Model)
invlink!!([t::AbstractTransformation, ]vi::AbstractVarInfo, spl::AbstractSampler, model::Model)

Transform the variables in vi to their constrained space, using the (inverse of) transformation t, mutating vi if possible.

If t is not provided, default_transformation(model, vi) will be used.

See also: default_transformation, link!!.

default_transformation(model::Model[, vi::AbstractVarInfo])

Return the AbstractTransformation currently related to model and, potentially, vi.

link_transform(dist)

Return the constrained-to-unconstrained bijector for distribution dist.

By default, this is just Bijectors.bijector(dist).

invlink_transform(dist)

Return the unconstrained-to-constrained bijector for distribution dist.

By default, this is just inverse(link_transform(dist)).

maybe_invlink_before_eval!!([t::Transformation,] vi, context, model)

Return a possibly invlinked version of vi.

This will be called prior to model evaluation, allowing one to perform a single invlink!! before evaluation rather than lazyily evaluating the transforms on as-we-need basis as is done with DynamicTransformation.

See also: StaticTransformation, DynamicTransformation.

Examples

julia> using DynamicPPL, Distributions, Bijectors

julia> @model demo() = x ~ Normal()
demo (generic function with 2 methods)

julia> # By subtyping `Transform`, we inherit the `(inv)link!!`.
       struct MyBijector <: Bijectors.Transform end

julia> # Define some dummy `inverse` which will be used in the `link!!` call.
       Bijectors.inverse(f::MyBijector) = identity

julia> # We need to define `with_logabsdet_jacobian` for `MyBijector`
       # (`identity` already has `with_logabsdet_jacobian` defined)
       function Bijectors.with_logabsdet_jacobian(::MyBijector, x)
           # Just using a large number of the logabsdet-jacobian term
           # for demonstration purposes.
           return (x, 1000)
       end

julia> # Change the `default_transformation` for our model to be a
       # `StaticTransformation` using `MyBijector`.
       function DynamicPPL.default_transformation(::Model{typeof(demo)})
           return DynamicPPL.StaticTransformation(MyBijector())
       end

julia> model = demo();

julia> vi = SimpleVarInfo(x=1.0)
SimpleVarInfo((x = 1.0,), 0.0)

julia> # Uses the `inverse` of `MyBijector`, which we have defined as `identity`
       vi_linked = link!!(vi, model)
Transformed SimpleVarInfo((x = 1.0,), 0.0)

julia> # Now performs a single `invlink!!` before model evaluation.
       logjoint(model, vi_linked)
-1001.4189385332047

merge(varinfo, other_varinfos...)

Merge varinfos into one, giving precedence to the right-most varinfo when sensible.

This is particularly useful when combined with subset(varinfo, vns).

See docstring of subset(varinfo, vns) for examples.

subset(varinfo::AbstractVarInfo, vns::AbstractVector{<:VarName})

Subset a varinfo to only contain the variables vns.

Examples

julia> @model function demo()
           s ~ InverseGamma(2, 3)
           m ~ Normal(0, sqrt(s))
           x = Vector{Float64}(undef, 2)
           x[1] ~ Normal(m, sqrt(s))
           x[2] ~ Normal(m, sqrt(s))
       end
demo (generic function with 2 methods)

julia> model = demo();

julia> varinfo = VarInfo(model);

julia> keys(varinfo)
4-element Vector{VarName}:
 s
 m
 x[1]
 x[2]

julia> for (i, vn) in enumerate(keys(varinfo))
           varinfo[vn] = i
       end

julia> varinfo[[@varname(s), @varname(m), @varname(x[1]), @varname(x[2])]]
4-element Vector{Float64}:
 1.0
 2.0
 3.0
 4.0

julia> # Extract one with only `m`.
       varinfo_subset1 = subset(varinfo, [@varname(m),]);

julia> keys(varinfo_subset1)
1-element Vector{VarName{:m, typeof(identity)}}:
 m

julia> varinfo_subset1[@varname(m)]
2.0

julia> # Extract one with both `s` and `x[2]`.
       varinfo_subset2 = subset(varinfo, [@varname(s), @varname(x[2])]);

julia> keys(varinfo_subset2)
2-element Vector{VarName}:
 s
 x[2]

julia> varinfo_subset2[[@varname(s), @varname(x[2])]]
2-element Vector{Float64}:
 1.0
 4.0

subset is particularly useful when combined with merge(varinfo::AbstractVarInfo)

julia> # Merge the two.
       varinfo_subset_merged = merge(varinfo_subset1, varinfo_subset2);

julia> keys(varinfo_subset_merged)
3-element Vector{VarName}:
 m
 s
 x[2]

julia> varinfo_subset_merged[[@varname(s), @varname(m), @varname(x[2])]]
3-element Vector{Float64}:
 1.0
 2.0
 4.0

julia> # Merge the two with the original.
       varinfo_merged = merge(varinfo, varinfo_subset_merged);

julia> keys(varinfo_merged)
4-element Vector{VarName}:
 s
 m
 x[1]
 x[2]

julia> varinfo_merged[[@varname(s), @varname(m), @varname(x[1]), @varname(x[2])]]
4-element Vector{Float64}:
 1.0
 2.0
 3.0
 4.0

Notes

Type-stability

unflatten(original, x::AbstractVector)

Return instance of original constructed from x.

unflatten(vnv::VarNamedVector, vals::AbstractVector)

Return a new instance of vnv with the values of vals assigned to the variables.

This assumes that vals have been transformed by the same transformations that that the values in vnv have been transformed by. However, unlike replace_raw_storage, unflatten does account for inactive entries in vnv, so that the user does not have to care about them.

This is in a sense the reverse operation of vnv[:].

Unflatten recontiguifies the internal storage, getting rid of any inactive entries.

Examples

```jldoctest varnamedvector-unflatten julia> using DynamicPPL: VarNamedVector, unflatten

julia> vnv = VarNamedVector(@varname(x) => [1.0, 2.0], @varname(y) => [3.0]);

julia> unflatten(vnv, vnv[:]) == vnv true

unflatten(vi::AbstractVarInfo[, context::AbstractContext], x::AbstractVector)

Return a new instance of vi with the values of x assigned to the variables.

If context is provided, x is assumed to be realizations only for variables not filtered out by context.

varname_leaves(vn::VarName, val)

Return an iterator over all varnames that are represented by vn on val.

Examples

julia> using DynamicPPL: varname_leaves

julia> foreach(println, varname_leaves(@varname(x), rand(2)))
x[1]
x[2]

julia> foreach(println, varname_leaves(@varname(x[1:2]), rand(2)))
x[1:2][1]
x[1:2][2]

julia> x = (y = 1, z = [[2.0], [3.0]]);

julia> foreach(println, varname_leaves(@varname(x), x))
x.y
x.z[1][1]
x.z[2][1]

varname_and_value_leaves(vn::VarName, val)

Return an iterator over all varname-value pairs that are represented by vn on val.

Examples

julia> using DynamicPPL: varname_and_value_leaves

julia> foreach(println, varname_and_value_leaves(@varname(x), 1:2))
(x[1], 1)
(x[2], 2)

julia> foreach(println, varname_and_value_leaves(@varname(x[1:2]), 1:2))
(x[1:2][1], 1)
(x[1:2][2], 2)

julia> x = (y = 1, z = [[2.0], [3.0]]);

julia> foreach(println, varname_and_value_leaves(@varname(x), x))
(x.y, 1)
(x.z[1][1], 2.0)
(x.z[2][1], 3.0)

There are also some special handling for certain types:

julia> using LinearAlgebra

julia> x = reshape(1:4, 2, 2);

julia> # `LowerTriangular`
       foreach(println, varname_and_value_leaves(@varname(x), LowerTriangular(x)))
(x[1, 1], 1)
(x[2, 1], 2)
(x[2, 2], 4)

julia> # `UpperTriangular`
       foreach(println, varname_and_value_leaves(@varname(x), UpperTriangular(x)))
(x[1, 1], 1)
(x[1, 2], 3)
(x[2, 2], 4)

julia> # `Cholesky` with lower-triangular
       foreach(println, varname_and_value_leaves(@varname(x), Cholesky([1.0 0.0; 0.0 1.0], 'L', 0)))
(x.L[1, 1], 1.0)
(x.L[2, 1], 0.0)
(x.L[2, 2], 1.0)

julia> # `Cholesky` with upper-triangular
       foreach(println, varname_and_value_leaves(@varname(x), Cholesky([1.0 0.0; 0.0 1.0], 'U', 0)))
(x.U[1, 1], 1.0)
(x.U[1, 2], 0.0)
(x.U[2, 2], 1.0)

varname_and_value_leaves(container)

Return an iterator over all varname-value pairs that are represented by container.

This is the same as varname_and_value_leaves(vn::VarName, x) but over a container containing multiple varnames.

See also: varname_and_value_leaves(vn::VarName, x).

Examples

julia> using DynamicPPL: varname_and_value_leaves

julia> # With an `OrderedDict`
       dict = OrderedDict(@varname(y) => 1, @varname(z) => [[2.0], [3.0]]);

julia> foreach(println, varname_and_value_leaves(dict))
(y, 1)
(z[1][1], 2.0)
(z[2][1], 3.0)

julia> # With a `NamedTuple`
       nt = (y = 1, z = [[2.0], [3.0]]);

julia> foreach(println, varname_and_value_leaves(nt))
(y, 1)
(z[1][1], 2.0)
(z[2][1], 3.0)

evaluate!!(model::Model[, rng, varinfo, sampler, context])

Sample from the model using the sampler with random number generator rng and the context, and store the sample and log joint probability in varinfo.

Returns both the return-value of the original model, and the resulting varinfo.

The method resets the log joint probability of varinfo and increases the evaluation number of sampler.

SamplingContext(
        [rng::Random.AbstractRNG=Random.default_rng()],
        [sampler::AbstractSampler=SampleFromPrior()],
        [context::AbstractContext=DefaultContext()],
)

Create a context that allows you to sample parameters with the sampler when running the model. The context determines how the returned log density is computed when running the model.

See also: DefaultContext, LikelihoodContext, PriorContext

struct DefaultContext <: AbstractContext end

The DefaultContext is used by default to compute the log joint probability of the data and parameters when running the model.

struct LikelihoodContext{Tvars} <: AbstractContext
    vars::Tvars
end

The LikelihoodContext enables the computation of the log likelihood of the parameters when running the model. vars can be used to evaluate the log likelihood for specific values of the model's parameters. If vars is nothing, the parameter values inside the VarInfo will be used by default.

struct PriorContext{Tvars} <: AbstractContext
    vars::Tvars
end

The PriorContext enables the computation of the log prior of the parameters vars when running the model.

struct MiniBatchContext{Tctx, T} <: AbstractContext
    context::Tctx
    loglike_scalar::T
end

The MiniBatchContext enables the computation of log(prior) + s * log(likelihood of a batch) when running the model, where s is the loglike_scalar field, typically equal to the number of data points / batch size. This is useful in batch-based stochastic gradient descent algorithms to be optimizing log(prior) + log(likelihood of all the data points) in the expectation.

PrefixContext{Prefix}(context)

Create a context that allows you to use the wrapped context when running the model and adds the Prefix to all parameters.

This context is useful in nested models to ensure that the names of the parameters are unique.

See also: @submodel

SampleFromPrior

Sampling algorithm that samples unobserved random variables from their prior distribution.

SampleFromUniform

Sampling algorithm that samples unobserved random variables from a uniform distribution.

References

Stan reference manual

Sampler{T}

Generic sampler type for inference algorithms of type T in DynamicPPL.

Sampler should implement the AbstractMCMC interface, and in particular AbstractMCMC.step. A default implementation of the initial sampling step is provided that supports resuming sampling from a previous state and setting initial parameter values. It requires to overload loadstate and initialstep for loading previous states and actually performing the initial sampling step, respectively. Additionally, sometimes one might want to implement initialsampler that specifies how the initial parameter values are sampled if they are not provided. By default, values are sampled from the prior.

initialstep(rng, model, sampler, varinfo; kwargs...)

Perform the initial sampling step of the sampler for the model.

The varinfo contains the initial samples, which can be provided by the user or sampled randomly.

loadstate(data)

Load sampler state from data.

By default, data is returned.

initialsampler(sampler::Sampler)

Return the sampler that is used for generating the initial parameters when sampling with sampler.

By default, it returns an instance of SampleFromPrior.

tilde_assume(context::SamplingContext, right, vn, vi)

Handle assumed variables, e.g., x ~ Normal() (where x does occur in the model inputs), accumulate the log probability, and return the sampled value with a context associated with a sampler.

Falls back to

tilde_assume(context.rng, context.context, context.sampler, right, vn, vi)

dot_tilde_assume(context::SamplingContext, right, left, vn, vi)

Handle broadcasted assumed variables, e.g., x .~ MvNormal() (where x does not occur in the model inputs), accumulate the log probability, and return the sampled value for a context associated with a sampler.

Falls back to

dot_tilde_assume(context.rng, context.context, context.sampler, right, left, vn, vi)

tilde_observe(context::SamplingContext, right, left, vi)

Handle observed constants with a context associated with a sampler.

Falls back to tilde_observe(context.context, context.sampler, right, left, vi).

dot_tilde_observe(context::SamplingContext, right, left, vi)

Handle broadcasted observed constants, e.g., [1.0] .~ MvNormal(), accumulate the log probability, and return the observed value for a context associated with a sampler.

Falls back to dot_tilde_observe(context.context, context.sampler, right, left, vi).